司马光哲学思想研究

发布时间：2018-03-06 14:20

  本文选题：司马光　切入点：诚　出处：《中央民族大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文从诠释司马光为人处世智慧这一角度研究司马光哲学思想,反思哲学的内涵以及中国哲学史的书写方式,旨在扩充中国哲学的研究文本。司马光弘扬儒学,一生著书颇丰,著作题材丰富,有赋、诗、制诰、奏议、章表、墓志和祭文等等,他恪守儒家道德准则一生奉行儒家"修齐治平"的理念,务实平易且博学多才,他的务实精神体现在方方面面,不仅是在为人处世上,更是体现在独辟蹊径的解经方式和体史而用经的研究进路上面,《资治通鉴》是最好例证。对于司马光而言,《资治通鉴》并非是一部单纯记载历史的著作,司马光在反思所处时代存在弊端的基础上取舍史料并对历史事件进行评价,他注重的是该著作的借鉴意义。司马光把经史子集的内容均纳入"用"之内,真正践行着修身齐家治国平天下这一儒者的追求。司马光不是一个纯粹的道德说教者,他有着自己的理想抱负并身体力行,他的观点和主张不仅落在纸上更是体现在行为处,在实践中践行自己的哲学理念,力图把儒学改造为经世安邦之学将其落实到社会现实中,从而实现国家的长治久安。司马光在学术研究方面造诣精深且成就斐然,因编纂《资治通鉴》闻名于史学界;作为"道学六先生"中的一员,司马光对理学的影响虽然没有其他五位深远,但他诠释的一些概念成为理学较为关键的术语。本论文分为以下几个部分:绪论部分主要说明本论文的选题意义、研究相关动态、研究思路方法和创新之处。第一章对司马光生平及其思想做一个必要的概括,作为一名儒者,司马光的思想和思维方式既与传统儒家有相同处,却也有一些不同,这些不同之处与他所处的时代背景和个人生活经历息息相关,这些因素包括北宋时期的疑经风气、渊源深厚的家学传统和少年时期的随父游历等,也包括他后来经历的种种,了解司马光的生平及其思想可以更好地诠释司马光为人处世的智慧。总体来说,司马光哲学思想的研究有三条轴线:"诚"之追求、为政之方和中和之道。第二章着重论述司马光的人格魅力,所谓人格即一个人的性格、原则和为人处事的态度,人的一生有迹可循,其人格则体现在其行为之中。从其著书中可以感受到司马光的气象,司马光自称平生只是一个"诚",在《四言铭》中点明自己平生追求即聪明勇健之谓才,忠信孝友之谓行,正直中和之谓德,深远高大之谓道。身为人臣,司马光有自己的原则,在《疑孟》一文中他认为君子邦有道则见,邦无道则隐。人臣之义,谏于君而不听,去之可也,死之可也。反对王安石变法无果后他卜居洛阳十五载,在此期间建"独乐园",作《独乐园记》和《独乐园七题》,体现着他旷达随性的独乐精神。"诚"、"勇"、"孝"和"独乐",构成了司马光人格中最为闪耀的品质。第三章探讨司马光的政治哲学,二十岁的司马光举进士甲第后开始仕宦生涯,作为一名有理想的儒者,政治哲学是其哲学思想的重要组成部分,政治哲学体现着司马光对政治制度的探究以及对所处时代政治生活和政治行为规律的归纳总结,司马光试图为执政者制定决策提供一种思路方法和价值标准,他所提倡的政治主张不仅是一种理念,更具有实践效用,总的来说他强调以礼治国的政治模式和以德取才的用人之道。第四章分析司马光哲学思想的特质,与同时期的儒者相比,司马光对学术的研究有其独到之处,在《颜太初杂文序》一文中他阐释自己对"儒"和"所求之道"的看法,他认为当时自称为儒者的士大夫,其所保留的只是儒外在表现形式,和儒家精神相去甚远,真正的儒家在学习先王之道时不仅要懂得其中的道理,还要身体力行践之。司马光一生追求的是他所认为的"儒"之道,他奉行的是实践先王之道,把先王之道运用到政治生涯和社会生活中,以求实现天下大治的社会理想。究于此,司马光在研究学术时另辟蹊径,畅叙一家之言,其哲学思想特质主要体现在以下几个方面:第一,推崇荀子和扬子,对孟子思想提出质疑;第二,以务实精神来诠释"格物";第三,禀赋孔子原意阐释人之性情;第四,把"中和之道"运用到修身齐家治国平天下中;第五,以历史事件印证易学经义的方式解读《易经》,把易学精神运用到百姓日用中。在结语部分总结司马光哲学思想,并对绪论里面的几个问题作出解答。"哲学"本意为"爱智慧",指的是人爱智慧这一行为活动,并不是特指智慧或知识。"哲学"并不具有确实的涵义,也不应该具有,其既可以指具体知识,也可以指追寻知识的行为,更甚至可以是一种生活方式。从事哲学研究,需要思考的是运用怎样的表达方式来研究"中国学问",并在这一研究过程中不断地为"哲学"赋予新的意义。古往圣贤在其所思所想所著中为后人指出了探求真善美的可能,先贤超越个体的局限性,从整体上把握生命,在广阔宏大的视域下思考和行动,其哲学主要表现为一种生活方式,目标在于用宏观的视野来把握和观照生活,在有限的生命中追求无限的价值,通过改变自我来提升人生境界,意在指引人更好地生活。中国的先哲们一生用行动体现着他们的志向,爱智慧,追求一种立足现实而又超越古今的理想。发展"中国哲学"需重新回到"哲学"的本意,发掘"哲学"的活动意义。
[Abstract]:This paper from the view of the interpretation of Sima Guang life wisdom research of Sima Guang's philosophy, reflects the meaning of philosophy and way of writing the history of philosophy China, aims to expand China philosophy research text. Sima Guang spread Confucianism, life good books, books with rich themes, Fu, poetry, patent, memorials, chapter table, epitaph and elegiac etc. abide by the Confucian concept of moral standards, he pursued the Confucian ethical philosophy of life ", pragmatic and plain spirit embodied in his be a brilliant man of wide learning, pragmatic aspects, not only in life, is reflected in a solution by the way and the history and research route of the body above the Zizhitongjian < > is the best example for Sima Guang, < > Zizhitongjian is not a simple historical writings, Sima Guang reflects on the times of the drawbacks on the basis of historical choice and evaluation of historical events, He focuses on the works of reference. Sima Guang was the history of a subset of the contents are included in the "use", truly embody the self ruling Confucian pursuit. This is not a purely didactic Sima Guang, he has his own ambition and body force, his ideas and opinions not only on paper is reflected in the behavior, in practice the philosophy of their own, to the transformation of Confucianism as the country to learn its implementation to the social reality, so as to realize the national long period of stability. Sima Guang attainments in academic research and scholarly achievements, for the compilation of Zizhitongjian for < > historians; as a member of "Taoism" Mr. six of the Sima Guang effect on science, although no other five profound, but some concepts of his interpretation of science become more critical terms. This thesis consists of the following parts : the introduction describes the significance of the topic, related research, research methods and innovations. The first chapter makes a necessary generalization of Sima Guang's life and thought, as a scholar, Sima Guang's thought and mode of thinking and traditional Confucianism has the same, but there are also some different, these differences with his background and personal life experience are closely related, these factors include the Northern Song Dynasty suspected by atmosphere, deep roots in the family tradition and teenager's father traveled, including he later had a, understand the life and thought of Sima Guang can better interpret Sima Guang Weirenchushi overall wisdom. For the research of Sima Guang's philosophy has three axes: "honesty" of the pursuit of political party and the way of neutralization. The second chapter focuses on Sima Guang's personality, the personality is a 浜虹殑鎬ф牸,鍘熷垯鍜屼负浜哄�勪簨鐨勬�佸害,浜虹殑涓，

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