马克思实践视域下的正义观研究

发布时间：2018-03-19 02:34

  本文选题：正义　切入点：实践　出处：《黑龙江大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：自进入文明社会以来,人类对正义的探求及追寻从未停止,正义是伴随人类社会而生的古老话题,对美好社会的向往作为经久不衰的动力使得关于正义的思考常新。如何理解正义并用关于正义的思想改造现实社会,是哲学思想家们所探讨的重大主题。正如康德所言:“如果公正和正义沉沦,那么人类就再也不值得在这个世界上生活了。”(1)正义问题是当代政治哲学研究关注的核心,如何理解正义并用正义理论指导现实的社会改造,构成了政治哲学探讨的主题。毋庸置疑,正义是马克思主义哲学的重要理论诉求,是关涉人类解放问题的重要思想,在马克思主义哲学体系中占据重要的理论地位。尽管马克思并没有专门阐释其正义思想的著作,但他在正义问题上确实有着独特的立场和观点。从这个意义上讲,正义是马克思全部哲学最为根本的主题和最深沉的价值关怀。通过针对传统哲学的伟大变革,马克思开辟了解决正义问题的全新理论视野,颠覆了长期在政治哲学领域占据统治地位的思辨正义观,在实践的视域下实现正义观的重要理论转型。马克思实践视域下的正义观并非仅仅是一个关于市民社会中人的权利、个体地位、利益分配、国家的法律和统治的问题,也不仅仅是一个基于从个体角度就一定的衡量标准诸如劳动、能力、地位等来进行相关的社会财富分配的问题。马克思实践视域下的正义观的真正旨趣在于社会和个人的终极目标的实现,凭借人们在社会发展进程中所创造的美好生活、共同福利,社会将最终完成对个体的重塑,使“现实的个人”得以实现对人的本质的真正占有。由此,正义真正的主题在于追求人性的生成与完善,追求人之为人的崇高境界,坚守人之为人的准则和理想。马克思的正义观深受古希腊哲学思想的影响,正如王尔德所讲:“马克思对正义的看法深受伊壁鸠鲁的影响,即将一种历史的维度引入了关于正义的讨论。”(2)并根据德国社会现实进行了有针对性的批判,尤其是对黑格尔哲学和费尔巴哈哲学进行批判性的改造,形成了自己的思想。对马克思来说,在地位不对称的群体中根本不存在真正的自由和平等的交往,资产阶级和无产阶级的界定正式通过有无生产资料实现的,只有深刻的彻底的变革才能够克服这种对抗。马克思正义观是以实践的思维方式为基础的正义观,不同于思辨的思维方式,它不是从抽象的先验主体出发去解决正义问题,而是从现实的人的实践活动出发,主张通过变革现实生活秩序解决正义问题。马克思的正义观对正义本质的探讨不可能脱离道德理论、政治哲学、经济学说等关于人性和善的社会的一般性讨论,也就是关于人类生存的意义和目的等问题的诸多方面。同时,正义的实现必须借助现实的人民群众,作为摧毁资本主义固有秩序的社会力量,无产阶级的解放与全人类的解放具有完全一致的价值取向,并因此而成为正义的主张者和践行者,马克思对资本主义批判的激进品格和共产主义眼界由此展现。本文通过对西方哲学史中的正义思想进行梳理,分析了正义内涵的演变,探讨了思辨正义观的理论表现及其历史形态。着重研究了自然正义、情感正义、自由主义正义等一系列正义理论,从而厘清了正义的发展线索。在此基础上,本文着重探讨了正义的实践转向和实践品格。马克思直接论述正义问题的论著虽然很少,但是对马克思一系列经典文本进行挖掘,依然可以发现马克思正义观的形成脉络,进而对马克思正义观深入分析。在对马克思正义观的内容进行的概括中,本文着重强调了马克思正义观的批判性前提就是对私有制的彻底颠覆,实现正义的首要条件即是消灭私有制;通过生产劳动这一人类最根本的实践解决物质资料的匮乏问题,是实现正义的主要途径;就理论形态而言,马克思实践视域下的正义观是一个复合的结构,是在应得正义理论之上的超越性正义理论;依据理论逻辑,必然提出根本解决人的异化问题,建立共产主义社会的实践诉求。显然,实现个体之善和社会之善的融合,进而实现人的真正自由,乃是马克思正义观的理论真谛。
[Abstract]:Since the beginning of civilization, the human search for justice and pursuit of justice is never stop, old topic with human society and the power to yearn for a better society as enduring makes thinking about justice often new. How to understand justice and ideological transformation on the justice of the social reality, is a major theme of philosophical thinkers are discussed. As Kant said: "if the justice and justice to perish, then humans will not worth living in this world." (1) the problem of justice is the core concern of contemporary political philosophy, such as social justice and justice reform of understanding the theory of reality, constitute the political philosophy to explore the topic. There is no doubt that justice is an important theory of Marx's philosophy, which is an important ideological problem of human liberation, occupy an important principle in Marx's philosophy system The status of the theory. Although Marx did not specifically explain the idea of justice works, but he in the issue of justice is indeed a unique position and views. In this sense, justice is the most fundamental theme of all of Marx's philosophy and the most profound value concern. Through great changes in traditional philosophy, Marx opened up the new theory field of vision to solve the problem of justice, to subvert the long-term dominance in the field of political philosophy thinking of the concept of justice, an important theory of the concept of justice in practice from the perspective of transformation. Under the perspective of Marx's practice of justice is not only a civil society in human rights, individual status, distribution of interests, countries the rule of law and is not a problem, from the perspective of individual must measure such as labor, based on ability, status to carry out related social wealth distribution From the perspective of Marx's practice. The real purport under the concept of justice is to achieve the ultimate goal of society and individual, with people in the process of social development to create a better life, common welfare, society will eventually reshape the individual, the "realistic individual" to the realization of the nature of true possession. Thus, the real theme of justice is to improve the generation of the pursuit of human being, the pursuit of lofty realm of people, adhere to the people as the criterion and ideal people. Marx's concept of justice is deeply influenced by the ancient Greek philosophy, as Wilde said: "Marx's influence on perceptions of justice by Epicurus, is a the historical dimension is introduced to discuss about justice." (2) according to the German society were targeted, especially critical of Hagel's philosophy and Feuerbach's Philosophy The transformation, formed its own thought. For Marx, there is no real freedom and equal communication in the asymmetry of the status of the population, the definition of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat has no formal through the means of production, only a deep thorough change to be able to overcome this confrontation. Marx's concept of Justice is in the practical thinking based on justice, different from the dialectical way of thinking, it is not from the abstract transcendental subject set out to solve the problem of justice, but from the reality of human activities, should solve the problem of justice by changing the order of real life. Marx's concept of justice to explore the nature of justice can not be divorced from the moral theory, political philosophy, a general discussion of social economic theory about human nature and the many aspects of human existence also is about the meaning and purpose of the problem. At the same time, it The meaning of implementation must resort to real people, as the destruction of the capitalist inherent order of social forces, the liberation of the proletariat and the liberation of all mankind has the value orientation of exactly the same, and thus become the justice advocate and practitioner, Marx of the radical character of criticizing capitalism and communism which show the vision. In this paper, through the combing thoughts of justice in the history of western philosophy, analyzes the evolution of the connotation of justice, discusses the theoretical performance and the historical form of the concept of justice. Focusing on the emotion of natural justice, justice, justice and a series of liberalism theory of justice, in order to clarify the development clue of justice. On this basis, this paper focuses on the steering of justice practice and practice character. Marx discusses the question of justice works although rarely, but a series of classic texts of Marx Mining, can still find the formation process of Marx's concept of justice, and the concept of in-depth analysis of Marx justice. In the summary of the content of Marx's concept of justice, this paper emphasizes the critical premise of Marx's conception of justice is in private ownership to overturn, realize justice first condition is the elimination of private ownership; shortage to solve the material through the practice of production labor is the most fundamental to the human, is the main way to achieve justice; the term of theory, from the perspective of Marx's practice under the concept of justice is a composite structure, is based on the theory of justice deserve the transcendence of the theory of justice; on the basis of the theory of logic, must fundamentally solve the problem of human alienation is put forward the practice demands the establishment of the Communist society. Obviously, the fusion to realize the individual good and the good of society, so as to realize the real freedom, but the concept of justice in Marx The true meaning of the theory.

【学位授予单位】：黑龙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B0-0
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本文编号：1632472