论卢卡奇的现实主义文论

发布时间：2018-04-26 11:53

  本文选题：现实主义 + 总体　； 参考：《福建师范大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：关于卢卡奇的现实主义文论,一些学者都对他的有机总体观持怀疑态度。正如布洛赫所说：“卢卡奇总以独立而彼此关联的现实为前提,并且在这一现实中唯心主义的主观因素虽然没有它的地位,但代替它的却是那个在唯心主义体系中、因而也在德国古典哲学中得到最充分发展的不间断的‘整体’学说”。的确,卢卡奇在其关于现实主义文学的论述中曾不止一次的强调文学要从有机总体立场出发来反映“客观”现实。然而,当人们在不断地从后现代主义的立场来批判卢卡奇的这种有机总体观时候,人们似乎在无意之中遗忘了一个事实,那就是卢卡奇的总体观恰恰是在批判各种“非理性”总体观的基础上形成的。在卢卡奇看来,由于资本主义社会的物化结构总是能渗透到人类现实生活的各个领域,所以,任何一种局限在文学领域的批判形式都不可能对资本主义社会产生真正的批判效应。资产阶级文学自自然主义文学以来,虽然都清醒地意识到资本主义的理性传统对人的压迫或压抑,但是,由于它们只是关注现实生活中人的异化现象,而没有正视人的异化现实本身,所以,它们始终没有从“非理性”总体论的陷阱中走出来。当然,在批判自然主义文学和现代主义文学的同时,卢卡奇并没有急于对这两种文学样式作出完全否定的论断。卢卡奇认为,自然主义文学和现代主义文学最大的贡献在于它们把人类现实生活中多元性的一面清晰地展现了出来。不过,在如何维系人类现实生活这种多元性局面这个问题上,它们始终没有提供相对合理的答案。卢卡奇认为,在资本主义社会的物化结构体系之内,文学任何一种多元主义的批判设想都是不可能实现的,因为资本主义社会的物化结构本身就是建立在“尊重”人类多元存在局面基础之上的。当然,在卢卡奇不断强调文学应该把批判矛头指向资本主义体制的时候,他也没有完全认同斯大林时期的社会主义现实主义的观点,在《叙述与描写》一文中,卢卡奇曾借批判西方自然主义文学的机会变向地批判了当时的社会主义文学。本篇论文主要分为了五个部分：第一部分,主要论述卢卡奇现实主义理论的基础即反映论。不可否认的是,卢卡奇的反映论是其现实主义理论的根基。不过,卢卡奇反映论不同于古典文学反映论的地方在于,他将古典反映论作了历史化和具体化的处理；第二部分,主要论述卢卡奇现实主义文论中的总体论思想以及典型论思想。卢卡奇现实主义文论中的总体论思想和典型论思想是紧密联系在一起的。卢卡奇认为,文学要反映总体的社会历史现实,就需要诉诸典型人物。不过,卢卡奇这里所说的典型人物并不是像苏联三十年代社会主义文学所呈现出来的阶级形象；第三部分,主要论述卢卡奇对自然主义文学的评价。卢卡奇对自然主义文学的评价主要体现在他的《叙述与描写》一文中。卢卡奇认为,文学要在形式方面反映总体的社会历史现实,其内部的叙述与描写需要达成辩证统一的关系。而自然主义文学之所以走向破产就是因为它们内部的叙述与描写没有达成辩证的统一关系；第四部分：主要论述卢卡奇对现代主义文学的评价。卢卡奇对现代主义文学的评价是与他对自然主义文学的评价紧密联系在一起的。卢卡奇认为,现代主义文学之所以走向破产,主要也是因为它们内部的叙述与描写没有达成辩证的统一关系；第五部分,主要论述卢卡奇的人民性思想。事实上,卢卡奇关于现实主义的论述归结到一点就是关于“人民性”的问题。卢卡奇之所以批判自然主义文学和现代主义文学,就是因为它们对现实的批判没有与广大人民的生活有机联系在一起,而卢卡奇之所以高度评价古典现实主义文学就是因为它们对现实的批判是与广大人民的生活深刻联系在一起的。
[Abstract]:On Lukacs's realistic literary theory, some scholars are skeptical about his organic general view. As Bloch said, "Lukacs is always on the premise of independent and interrelated reality, and the subjective factor of idealism in this reality has no position, but it is the idealist system instead of it." Therefore, in the German classical philosophy, the uninterrupted "holism" theory has been developed most fully. Indeed, in his discussion of realistic literature, Lukacs had more than once emphasized that literature should reflect the "objective" reality from an organic overall standpoint. However, when people are constantly from the position of Postmodernism When criticizing this organic view of Lukacs, people seem to be inadvertently oblivious to the fact that Lukacs's overall view is precisely based on criticizing all kinds of "irrational" outlook. In Lukacs's view, the materialized structure of capitalist society can always permeate the various human real life. As a result, any critical form confined to the field of literature can not have a real critical effect on the capitalist society. Since the bourgeois literature has been conscious of the oppression or oppression of the rational tradition of capitalism, although they are only concerned with the real people, the bourgeois literature has been only concerned with the people in the real life. The alienation phenomenon is not to face the alienation reality itself, so they never come out of the trap of "irrational" overall theory. Of course, while criticizing naturalism and modernist literature, Lukacs is not eager to make a complete negation of the two literary styles. Lukacs thinks naturalism is a naturalism. The greatest contribution of literature and modernist literature is that they clearly show the diversity of human life. However, they have never provided a relatively reasonable answer to the question of how to maintain the pluralism of human life. Luca, in the view of the materialized structure of the capitalist society. Within the Department, any kind of critical assumption of pluralism in literature cannot be realized, because the materialized structure of the capitalist society is based on the "respect" of human pluralism. Of course, when Lukacs constantly emphasizes that literature should point the critical spear to the capitalist system, he is not finished. In the "narration and description >", Lukacs once criticized the socialist literature of the time by criticizing the Western Naturalism Literature. This paper is divided into five parts: the first part, the main part is to discuss the basis of Lukacs's realism theory. It is undeniable that Lukacs's theory of realism is the foundation of his theory of realism. However, the place where Lukacs's theory of reflection is different from the theory of classical literature is that he treats the classical theory of reflection as a historical and concrete treatment; the second part mainly discusses the general theory and the canon of Luca's literary theory of strange realism. The idea of type theory. The general theory and the typical theory of Lukacs's realism are closely linked. Lukacs believes that literature needs to resort to typical characters to reflect the overall social and historical reality. However, the typical characters described here by Lukacs are not presented as the Soviet Socialist Literature of the Soviet Union in 30s. The class image of the third part, the third part, mainly discusses the evaluation of naturalism literature. Lukacs's evaluation of naturalism literature is mainly reflected in his "narration and description". Lukacs believes that literature should reflect the overall social and historical reality in form, and the internal narration and description need to be dialectical unity. The reason why the naturalist literature goes bankrupt is that there is no dialectical and unified relationship between their narration and description; the fourth part mainly discusses Lukacs's evaluation of modernist literature. Lukacs's evaluation of modernist literature is closely related to his assessment of the naturalistic literature. Lukacs believes that the reason why the modernist literature goes bankrupt is mainly because they have not reached a dialectical unity of narration and description; the fifth part mainly discusses Lukacs's people's thought. In fact, Lukacs's discussion of realism is attributed to the question of "people". Luca The reason why strange criticism of naturalism and modernist literature is that their criticism of reality has not been associated with the lives of the vast majority of the people, and the reason why Lukacs highly appraised classical realism literature is because their criticism of reality is closely linked with the lives of the people.

【学位授予单位】：福建师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：I0
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本文编号：1805912