《托特之书》整理研究

发布时间：2018-05-28 10:15

  本文选题：古埃及 + 世俗体埃及语　； 参考：《东北师范大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：托特神(古埃及语为Dhwty)是古代埃及宗教体系中最古老的、发展最完善的神祗之一,对于他的崇拜在古代埃及人中十分流行,而其出现的时间则可以被追溯到埃及文明的早期,例如前王朝时期(约公元前6000年—3100年)的一块调色板上就已经出现了代表托特神的朱鹭形象。尽管最初是一位与月亮有关的神祗,托特神在古埃及的一些宗教传说,如奥西里斯神话和荷鲁斯与塞特之争中都扮演了保护者和调解人的重要角色。正因为如此,托特神逐渐与古埃及的死者和来世理论建立了联系,例如他是丧葬仪式的主持者,死者进入阴间的引导人,以及死者审判中的记录人或辩护人。不过,关于托特神最广为人知的传说就是他被认为是语言、文字和文学的创始者,也是“科学”的守护神。因此,托特神被神庙、尤其是“生命之屋”中的书吏和祭司奉为守护神,一些颂诗和祈祷词也经常被献给这位神明。由于他还被认为知晓世界上从基本常识到各位神祗的名字等各种知识,因而古埃及人将许多类型的文献,如医学、数学等理论性著作,甚至是关于社会生活、交往礼仪的作品都视为托特神的杰作。古埃及文明的晚期,外来文化入侵埃及。而托特神及其崇拜不但被保留下来,他还与希腊的神祗赫尔墨斯融合,形成了带有埃及和希腊两种文化背景的赫尔墨斯·特里斯墨吉斯忒斯。自现代埃及学创立以来,托特神也成为不少埃及学家研究的对象。诸如莱普修斯、布施、马斯佩罗、皮奇曼、博伊兰、布里克、德尔阐·乌泰尔、斯达德勒等人都先后对其进行了不同角度的研究。然而,由于缺乏相关的文献及考古证据,关于托特神的很多问题仍然没有得到圆满的解答。现在,这一切或因为理查德·加斯诺和卡尔·西奥多·曹齐希的研究而发生变化。2005年,两位学者将他们数十年的研究成果集籍出版,并命名为《托特之书》。书中主要包括了众多来自希腊罗马统治时期的世俗体埃及语文献,内容主要是一位神祗(多为托特神)和弟子间一系列涉及古埃及文化及宗教传统的对话。这其中既包括了对书写技能和工具的描写,又出现了不少古埃及丧葬文献中对于神的职责、献祭仪式和节日、阴间的地名、物产和居民的描写,以及某些抽象的概念如“舒神的臂膀”等。此外,铭文中的某些内容,如对于托特和塞莎特女神的称谓,以及对荷鲁斯神攻击河马、乌龟和羚羊的描写也显示出它与伊德夫地区宗教传统的联系。最后,《托特之书》与同时期的赫尔墨斯文献之间存在的关联也为我们更好的了解这一时期古埃及与古希腊文化的交流和融合提供了崭新的研究视角。
[Abstract]:The Totter (in ancient Egyptian) is one of the oldest and most developed gods in the ancient Egyptian religious system. His worship was very popular among the ancient Egyptians, and its emergence can be traced back to the early days of Egyptian civilization. For example, a palette in the pre-dynasty period (about 6, 000 BC-310 BC) already represented the Ibis of Totter. Although originally a moon-related god, Totter played an important role as protector and mediator in ancient Egyptian religious legends, such as Osiris mythology and Horus' contention with Seth. As a result, Totter gradually became associated with the dead and afterlife theories of ancient Egypt, for example, he was the presiding officer of the funeral ceremony, the guide of the deceased to the grave, and the recorder or defender of the deceased's trial. However, Totter is best known as the founder of language, writing and literature, and the patron saint of science. As a result, Totter was patron saint of the temple, especially the House of Life, and a number of verses and prayers were often dedicated to the god. Since he was also believed to know everything from basic knowledge to the names of the gods in the world, the ancient Egyptians devoted many types of literature, such as medical, mathematical and theoretical works, even to social life, The works of social etiquette are regarded as the masterpieces of Totter. In the late period of ancient Egyptian civilization, foreign cultures invaded Egypt. Totter and his worship were not only preserved, but also merged with the Greek god Hermes, forming Hermes Trismexes with two cultural backgrounds: Egypt and Greece. Since the founding of modern Egyptology, Totter has also become the subject of many Egyptian scientists. Such as Leipseus, Busch, Masperot, Pichmann, Boilan, Brick, Del Shantaire, Stadler and so on have carried on the different angle research. However, due to the lack of relevant literature and archaeological evidence, many questions about Totter remain unanswered. Now, that may have changed because of the work of Richard Garnowe and Carl Theodore Caozig, who published their decades of research in 2005 and named it the Book of Totters. The book mainly includes a lot of secular Egyptian documents from the period of Greek and Roman rule. The main content is a series of dialogues between a deity (mostly Totte) and his disciples concerning ancient Egyptian culture and religious traditions. This includes a description of writing skills and tools, as well as a number of ancient Egyptian funeral documents describing the duties of God, sacrifice ceremonies and festivals, the place names of the underworld, the property and the inhabitants. And some abstract concepts such as "soothing the arms of God" and so on. In addition, some of the inscriptions, such as the names of the Totter and the Sesat Goddess, as well as the description of the Horus attacking hippopotamus, tortoise and antelope also show its connection with the religious traditions of the Yidf region. Finally, the relationship between the book of Tote and the Helmers literature of the same period also provides a new perspective for us to better understand the exchange and integration of ancient Egyptian and Greek cultures in this period.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K411.2
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本文编号：1946319