1872-1928年美国国家公园建设的历史考察

发布时间：2018-05-29 19:34

  本文选题：美国 + 国家公园　； 参考：《东北师范大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：从19世纪中后期开始,随着美国西部探险与开发的不断深入,壮美的西部荒野景观逐渐为美国社会所关注。美国人开始用审美的眼光来看待荒野,发现荒野之地除了能够进行森林、矿藏、水利开发,或使之变成宅地、牧场、农场之外,还可以将其壮丽的风景保护起来,供人们休闲娱乐之用。于是,为了保护这些“原始”荒野和自然风景,在一批社会精英的推动下,美国掀起了一场声势浩大的国家公园运动,黄石、约塞米蒂、冰川等一系列国家公园应运而生。1916年,美国国会通过《国家公园局组织法》,设立国家公园局专门负责国家公园、国家纪念地等自然、文化保护单位的管理,标志着美国国家公园运动开始进入制度化、规范化、体系化的新时代。到1928年,美国联邦政府首任公园局局长史蒂芬·马瑟卸任时,美国国家公园及其管理体系已经基本形成。本文将美国国家公园建设运动置于西部边疆开发终结与荒野价值观念转变的历史背景下,着重从国家公园运动的发展与管理体制构建的角度,考察美国早期的国家公园建设及其对生态环境和印第安人产生的影响。全文分为引言、正文和结语三个部分。引言部分介绍了本课题的研究缘起,在评述国内外相关研究成果的基础上,指出了本文的研究内容、研究意义、研究方法以及创新之处与不足。正文部分由四章组成,论述了美国早期的国家公园运动发展与管理体制构建情况。具体内容如下:第一章展现了美国国家公园运动兴起的历史背景,并叙述了1916年《国家公园局组织法》通过之前美国国家公园运动的兴起与初步发展情况。19世纪以来,美国工业化、城市化和西部大开发的迅速发展致使西部荒野边疆逐渐走向终结,美国人开始重新思考人与自然的关系,萌发了保护“原始”荒野和自然景观的意识并付诸实践。1872年,美国国会通过《黄石公园法》,宣告了美国亦是世界第一个国家公园的诞生,同时也正式拉开了美国国家公园运动的序幕。此后,美国社会不断尝试将一些具有特殊风景的荒野之地保护为国家公园,并通过《古迹法》来保护美国的文化遗产。第二章围绕美国国家公园局的创建为核心,阐述美国国家公园管理组织化和制度化的历史过程。随着国家公园的陆续建立,美国国家公园管理面临诸多问题和挑战。在内政部,国家公园事务备受冷落,几乎无人问津。由于严重缺乏财政支持、明确的公园管理政策以及管理力量的情况下,已经设立的各个国家公园无一例外地遭遇到了自然资源和环境破坏问题。此外,水利、采矿、放牧等功利主义集团也对国家公园频频产生威胁。在这样的背景下,美国一些联邦政府官员、民间保护主义者等有志之士开始意识到,必须设立一个专门负责国家公园事务的联邦行政机构来改进国家公园管理模式。于是,在他们的推动下,美国很快掀起了一场创建国家公园局的运动,并最终获得成功。“莱恩来信”确立了公园局的管理原则和方向,标志着美国国家公园管理政策的确立。第三章主要阐述公园局主导下的美国国家公园建设及其对生态环境的影响。国家公园局建立后,公园局在局长史蒂芬·马瑟和副局长霍雷斯·奥尔布赖特的领导下,极力推动国家公园运动在美国西部和东部的扩张,并逐步将归属于农业部、陆军部的国家纪念地、军事公园、战场等纳入公园局的管辖范围,最终促使美国国家公园体系的形成。在具体的管理实践中,公园局一边通过与功利主义势力作斗争、保护森林资源和野生动物等手段,尝试将国家公园保护在“完好无损”的状态,同时又通过旅游开发,吸引源源不断的游客进入国家公园之中,由此给国家公园的荒野保护带来了诸多影响。第四章以黄石公园为主要研究对象,阐述美国国家公园建设对印第安人生活和权利产生的影响。国家公园土地是千百年来印第安人繁衍生息的家园,而非美国社会精英眼中的“无人定居的荒野”,美国早期的国家公园大都建构在印第安人的家园之上。国家公园建立后,为了保护公园中的“原始荒野”并让国人欣赏,国家公园确立了保护自然资源和发展旅游业的管理目标。然而,印第安人传统权利的延续对国家公园管理产生了强烈冲击,于是被当作公园破坏者而遭到驱逐。此后,为了迎合游客将国家公园视为边疆荒野的想象,印第安人被公园管理者和旅游开发商塑造成了重要的旅游吸引物,从而促成了作为表演者的印第安人在国家公园中的回归。黄石印第安人的遭遇正是美国早期国家公园运动中印第安人命运变迁的一个缩影。结语部分在归纳全文核心内容的基础上,简要描述了美国国家公园运动兴起的意义及其对世界国家公园运动发展的历史贡献,并对其管理的历史经验进行了总结。
[Abstract]:Since the mid and late nineteenth Century, with the deepening of western exploration and development in the United States, the magnificent western wilderness landscape has gradually become a concern for American society. Americans begin to look at the wilderness with an aesthetic eye, and find that the wilderness is not only able to carry out forest, mineral, water development, or make it a homestead, pasture, and farm. In order to protect these "primitive" wilderness and natural landscapes, in order to protect these "primitive" wilderness and natural landscapes, a series of national parks, such as Huangshi, Yosemite and glaciers, came into being in the United States by the United States Congress, in order to protect these "primitive" wilderness and natural landscapes. "National Park bureau organization law", the establishment of the National Park bureau is specially responsible for national parks, national memorial places and other natural, cultural protection units, marking the United States National Park movement began to enter the institutionalized, standardized, systematic new era. By 1928, the United States federal government first park director Stephen Mather left office, the United States The family park and its management system have been basically formed. In this paper, the National Park Construction Movement in the United States is placed in the historical background of the end of the western frontier development and the transformation of the wilderness values. From the point of view of the development of the National Park Movement and the construction of the management system, the construction of the National Park in the early United States and its ecological environment and printing are investigated. The full text is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction introduces the origin of the research, and points out the content, significance, method and innovation of this article on the basis of reviewing the relevant research results both at home and abroad. The text is composed of four chapters, and discusses the early United States. The development of national park movement and the construction of management system. The first chapter shows the historical background of the rise of the National Park Movement in the United States and describes the industrialization, urbanization and the west of the United States since the 1916, the rise and initial development of the National Park Movement in the United States before the adoption of the National Park organization law in the.19 century. The rapid development of the great development led to the end of the western wilderness. Americans began to rethink the relationship between human and nature, sprouted the consciousness of protecting the "primitive" wilderness and natural landscape and put it into practice for.1872 years. The United States Congress declared the birth of the United States and the world's first national park through the Yellowstone National Park law. Since then, the American National Park movement has been officially opened. Since then, American society has tried to protect the wild land with special landscapes into national parks and protect American cultural heritage through the ancient monuments law. The second chapter, focusing on the creation of the National Park Bureau, expounds the organization and system of the management of national parks in the United States. With the establishment of national parks, the management of national parks in the United States faces many problems and challenges. In the Ministry of the interior, National Park affairs are getting cold and almost unwanted. There is no one in every national park that has been set up because of the serious lack of financial support, the clear policy of management of the park and the management of the park. In addition, utilitarian groups, such as water conservancy, mining, and grazing, have also threatened national parks. In this context, some federal officials, civil protectionists and other people in the United States have begun to realize that a union of national parks must be set up. The state park management model was improved by the State Administration. Thus, under their impetus, the United States quickly set off a movement to create the National Park Bureau and finally succeeded. "Ryan letter" established the management principles and direction of the park Bureau, marked the establishment of the National Park Management Policy in the United States. The third chapter mainly expounded the park Bureau. Led by the national park construction and its impact on the ecological environment, the park Bureau, under the leadership of Stephen Mather and deputy director Horace Albright, promoted the expansion of National Park Movement in the West and east of the United States and will be assigned to the Ministry of agriculture and the National Memorial of the Army Department. Land, military parks, and battlefields are incorporated into the jurisdiction of the park Bureau, which eventually leads to the formation of the National Park System in the United States. In specific management practices, the park has tried to protect the National Park in a "intact" state by fighting the utilitarian forces and protecting the forest resources and wildlife. Tourism development, attracting a steady stream of tourists into the National Park, has brought many effects on the protection of the wilderness of the National Park. The fourth chapter, taking Yellowstone National Park as the main research object, expounds the influence of the construction of the National Park on the life and rights of the Indians. Home, not the "unsettled wilderness" in the eyes of the American social elite, the early American national parks are mostly built on the homeland of the Indians. After the establishment of the National Park, the National Park has established the management goal of protecting natural resources and developing tourism in order to protect the "primitive wilderness" in the park and to let the people appreciate it. The continuation of the traditional Indian rights, however, had a strong impact on national park management, and was expelled as a park saboteurs. In order to cater for tourists to think of the National Park as a frontier wilderness, the Indians were shaped by park managers and tourist developers as an important tourist attraction. The return of the Indians as performers in the National Park. The encounter of Huangshi Indians is the epitome of the fate of the Indians in the early American National Park movement. The conclusion of the conclusion is based on the summary of the core content of the full text, and briefly describes the significance of the rise of American National Park Movement and its effect on the world national park. The historical contribution of sports development and the historical experience of its management are summarized.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K712
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本文编号：1952123