十八世纪欧洲情感主义思潮与文学现代性的起源

发布时间：2018-06-28 15:02

  本文选题：情感主义 + 文学现代性　； 参考：《西北大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：十八世纪中后期资本主义迅速崛起,英、法、德等欧洲主要国家社会生活日渐繁荣,文学艺术获得了极大的发展空间。科学研究对感官经验的高度重视,哲学与伦理学对道德情感的特别强调,资产阶级地位的上升与社会流动性的增强,卫斯理派、虔敬派等强调信仰体验的基督教派的深入人心,婚姻家庭观念的进步以及女权意识的觉醒,塑造了“情感时代”的整体社会文化环境。在这样的社会文化背景之下,一场打破理性主义的古典传统,在文学创作与批评中体现出新的情感中心的认识论,推崇高尚的道德情感,热衷表现细腻温柔又一触即发的内在感受的文学、文化思潮在欧洲各国蓬勃兴起,推动了文学现代性的生成。思想领域对道德哲学的强烈关注,文学艺术中对“同情”与“仁爱”美德的推崇构成了英国情感主义思潮的主要基调,对新古典主义美学的反抗与对理性绝对统治的批判则是法国情感主义思潮得以孕育的突出背景,而世俗化的虔敬主义运动则为德意志情感主义思潮的发展繁荣提供了肥沃的土壤。虽然这一思潮因为不同的民族文化特质在各国表现出不同的特色,但是情感主义文学通过审美的形式承担起以往道德教化、宗教信仰的功能,并进一步争取独立的过程也表现出文学现代性发展的共性。情感主义思潮还促使文学各主要文类产生了通俗化的发展趋向。感伤小说大量涌现,为了迎合普通市民趣味,形成了特定的人物类型、情节模式。情感戏剧则在题材上更关注普通人的恋爱婚姻、公众焦虑的社会问题,侧重选择能产生强烈情感冲击的情境,在体裁上打开了传统悲、喜剧的界限。而在这一思潮的影响下,诗歌题材的平民化倾向,诗歌结构的散文化趋势,以及诗歌语言的日常化追求也为其打上了鲜明的时代印迹。对于读者来说,通俗化的写情文学以“白日梦”的方式宣泄了市民阶层的感性欲望,其道德教化之外的娱乐功能逐渐彰显。一方面,对于这些作家来说,作品的畅销使其经济地位得到很大提升,甚至出现了一些成功的职业作家；另一方面,文学作品艺术性与商品性的关系也成为更多作家反思争论的焦点。在诗学领域,情感主义诗学对“审美同情”的探讨使得文学批评转向主体的情感,关注审美感受的内在根源,由此迈出了审美现代性的重要一步：批评家们对文学艺术起源的探讨更是确立了情感表现的本源地位；而对文学作品情感效果的关注则打破了审美趣味的标准化,进而促进了刚刚兴起的美学对崇高、秀美、如画等多元审美范畴的研究。由对外在事件的关注转向对人物内心世界的刻画,是写情文学的突出特征,而这种内在转向促使情感小说的叙事呈现出碎片化与对话性的独特面貌。在小说刚刚兴起的18世纪,其区别于传统叙事文学的这两大叙事特征无疑具有不容忽视的创新意义。在社会现代性初显的时代背景下,情感主义文学塑造了大量具有普遍意义的“自我”形象。现代性原则从根本上说就是主体性的自我确证或主体的自由,而情感主义文学从生命存在、社会价值、性别角色等角度展开的对“自我”的塑造,正是构建所谓“现代主体”的过程。重审十八世纪的这一思潮,其精神导向并非在感伤愁绪中沉溺沦落,而是在真情与泪水中真正回溯到现代人性中被日渐遗忘、掩盖甚至压抑了的道德根源。复归文学现代性的本源,还原十八世纪情感主义思潮的真实面目,赋予真情与美德应有的地位,重建本真性自我,在追根溯源中提振现代性的批判反思能力,显然具有其特别的意义。
[Abstract]:In the mid and late eighteenth Century, capitalism developed rapidly. The social life of the major European countries, such as Britain, France and Germany, became more and more prosperous. The literature and art gained a great development space. The scientific research paid great attention to the sensory experience, the special emphasis of philosophy and ethics on moral emotion, the rise of the status of the capitalist class and the enhancement of social mobility. The Christian school, which emphasizes the belief experience, is deeply rooted in the hearts of the Christian schools, the progress of the concept of marriage and family and the awakening of the feminist consciousness, which portray the overall social and cultural environment of the "emotional age". Under such a social and cultural background, a new tradition of breaking the rationalism is reflected in the literary creation and criticism. The epistemology of the emotional center, the admiration of noble moral sentiments, the passion for the expression of delicate tender and immanent inner feelings, the cultural trend of thought flourished in European countries, promoted the creation of the modernity of literature, the strong concern of the moral philosophy in the field of thought, and the esteem of the virtues of "sympathy" and "benevolence" in literary art. The main keynote of the British emotist trend is that the resistance to Neo Classical Aesthetics and the criticism of the absolute rule of reason are the prominent background of the French emotist trend, and the secularization of the devout movement provides fertile soil for the development and prosperity of the idealism of German emoticonism. Different ethnic cultural characteristics show different characteristics in various countries, but emotional literature, through aesthetic form, assumes the past moral education, the function of religious belief, and the process of gaining independence further shows the commonness of the development of literary modernity. In order to cater to the interest of the ordinary citizens, the sentimental novels have formed a specific type of character, the plot pattern, and the emotional drama pays more attention to the love and marriage of the ordinary people, the social problems of the public anxiety, the choice of the situation that can produce strong emotional punching, and the traditional tragedy and comedy in the genre. Under the influence of this trend of thought, the populace tendency of the poetic theme, the scattered culture trend of the poetry structure, and the daily pursuit of the poetic language have also marked a distinct time imprinting for the readers. For readers, the popular sentimental literature vented the sensuous desire of the townspeople in a "daydream" way and its moral education. On the one hand, for these writers, the best selling of the works has greatly improved its economic status and even appeared some successful professional writers. On the other hand, the relationship between the artistic and commercialization of literary works has become the focus of more writers' debate. In the field of poetics, emotionally Poetics The discussion of "aesthetic sympathy" makes the literary criticism turn to the emotion of the subject and pay attention to the inner root of the aesthetic feeling, which has taken an important step in the Aesthetic Modernity: the critics' discussion on the origin of literature and art has established the origin of the emotional expression, while the attention to the emotional effect of the literary works has broken the aesthetic interest. The standardization of the taste has promoted the research on the aesthetic category of the newly rising aesthetics, such as lofty, beautiful and picturesque. From the attention to the external events to the portrayal of the inner world of the characters, it is the prominent feature of the love literature, and the inner turn makes the narrative of the emotional novel present a unique feature of fragmentation and dialogism. The two narrative features, which are different from the traditional narrative literature, have no doubt of an innovative meaning that can not be ignored. In the background of the age of social modernity, the emotional literature has created a large number of "self" images of universal significance. The principle of modernity is fundamentally the self assurance of the subjectivity. The creation of "self" from the aspects of life existence, social value and sex role is the process of building the so-called "modern subject". The ideological trend of the retrial of the eighteenth Century is not drowning in sentimentality and melancholy, but back in true feelings and tears. To the modern human nature, it has been forgotten and even repressed the moral root of the modern nature. Returning to the origin of the modernity of literature, restoring the true face of the emotional trend of eighteenth Century, giving the status of the true feelings and virtue, reconstructing the true self, and promoting the critical reflection of Modernity in the root of its origin, obviously has its special significance.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：I109
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本文编号：2078366