仰韶遗址土壤的特征和功能及古环境演变

发布时间：2018-07-21 11:00

【摘要】：本研究依据土壤学、第四纪地质学和考古学等理论方法,在仰韶村遗址内分别选取一个受到古人类活动干扰的土壤剖面(简称文化剖面)和一个未受到古人类活动干扰的土壤剖面(简称自然剖面),同时采集古人类不同功能区遗迹(地基、饮食、瓮棺、陶窑)土壤样品。通过观察土壤的剖面形态和侵入体,并进行土壤理化性质、微形态、植硅体、孢粉和炭屑分析,获取遗址土壤特征。基于遗址特征,开展了古人类活动对土壤发育的影响、遗址土壤的系统分类归属、土壤文化遗产功能评价和古环境演变研究。具体简要研究结果如下:(1)土壤在古人类活动影响下,存在丰富的灰坑、陶片、石器和遗骸等侵入体;颜色特征值低;χlf高,χfd偏低;颗粒组成中砂粒含量高,颗粒组成参数中平均粒径较大;游离铁和游离度降低;Al2O3和Fe2O3含量相对较少,CaO和P含量相对较多;黏土矿物类型相对单一,高岭石含量较高;制陶区土壤微形态显示部分石英和黏土矿物玻璃化、饮食区土壤微形态中存在大量有机废物或炭屑;容重偏小;禾本科Gramineae、藜科Artemisia花粉含量丰富,鉴定出驯化粟、黍和水稻粮食作物植硅体;炭屑含量高,指示古人类用火;有机碳同位素值偏正,指示古人类活动相关植物主要为C4类。(2)古人类居住、用火、制陶等活动基本阻碍了土壤发育,而墓葬促进了土壤发育。用火虽然对本层土壤发育有一定阻碍作用,但疏松质地便于上层土壤物质迁移,有利于下层土壤发育。(3)提出3种遗址土壤系统分类归属的建议方案,一在人为土土纲中增设技术人为土亚纲,下设缓透技术人为土和遗址技术人为土土类,在缓透技术人为土中下设遗址缓透技术人为土亚类,在遗址技术人为土中下设含磷遗址技术人为土和普通遗址技术人为土亚类。该方案最适宜;二在人为新成土亚纲中增设技术人为新成土土类,下设遗址技术人为新成土亚类;三在扰动人为新成土亚类中增设遗址扰动人为新成土亚类。同时,在土族名称中体现古人工制品。(4)土壤文化遗产功能评价指标体系分为定性的遗物遗迹和定量的诊断指标两大类,基于遗物、遗迹和诊断特征的科研价值性排序,建立了评价标准,将遗址区划分了6个功能等级区域,评价结果与古土地利用等级图较吻合,对每一功能等级区域提出合理的土地利用建议。(5)以自然剖面的气候替代指标综合分析结果为基础,以文化剖面的气候替代指标分析结果为辅证,揭示该遗址的古环境演变。10~6.9k a BP,增温至稳定,产生了仰韶早期文化。6.9~5.6k a BP,气候出现波动,总体向干旱转折,人地关系可能出现矛盾。5.6~4k a BP,气候变为干冷,导致仰韶文化的衰落。4k a BP之后,气候进一步变干冷,出现大洪水事件,该地区文化逐渐衰落。
[Abstract]:This study is based on the theoretical methods of soil, Quaternary geology and archaeology. In Yangshao village site, one soil section (cultural section) which was interfered by paleo-human activities and one soil section (natural section) not disturbed by paleoanthropological activities were selected, respectively, and the paleo human being was collected at the same time. Functional relic (foundation, Food, urn, pottery kiln) soil samples. The soil characteristics of the site were obtained by observing the profile morphology and intrusive body of the soil, and analyzing the physical and chemical properties, micromorphology, phytolith, sporopollen and charcoal debris of the soil. Based on the characteristics of the site, the effects of paleo-human activities on soil development, the systematic classification and attribution of the site soil, the function evaluation of soil cultural heritage and the evolution of paleoenvironment were studied. The results are as follows: (1) under the influence of paleo-human activities, the soil has abundant intrusions such as ash pits, pottery, stone tools and remains, the color characteristic value is low, 蠂 _ (lf) is high, 蠂 _ (fd) is relatively low, and the content of sand particles in particle composition is high. The average particle size is larger in the particle composition parameters, the content of free iron and free degree decreases relatively less than the content of Al _ 2O _ 3 and Fe _ 2O _ 3, the content of Cao and P is relatively high, the mineral type of clay is relatively single, and the content of kaolinite is relatively high. The micromorphology of soil in the pottery area showed some vitrification of quartz and clay minerals, and there were a lot of organic waste or carbon debris in the microform of soil in the diet area; the bulk density was small; the pollen content of Gramineae, Chenopodiaceae Artemisia was abundant, and the domesticated millet was identified. The high content of carbon debris indicates the use of fire by ancient people; the value of organic carbon isotopes is biased, indicating that the plants associated with paleo-human activities are mainly C4. (2) Paleohuman habitation, the use of fire, pottery and other activities have basically hindered the development of the soil. Tombs promote soil development. Although the use of fire can hinder the development of the soil in this layer, the loose texture is convenient for the material migration of the upper soil, which is beneficial to the development of the lower soil. (3) A proposal for the classification and attribution of the soil system of the three sites is put forward. (1) to add a subclass of artificial soil to the class of artificial soil, to set up a subclass of artificial soil with slow penetration technology, a subclass of artificial soil with a slow penetration technique, and a subclass of artificial soil with a delayed penetration technology, In the artificial soil of the site technology, there are two subgroups of the technical artificial soil containing phosphorus and the common site technology. The scheme is the most suitable; second, the new earth-forming subclass is added to the subclass of artificial neo-forming soil, and the neo-earth-forming subclass is set up under the new earth-forming subclass, and the new earth-forming subcategory is added to the new earth-disturbed subclass. At the same time, the ancient artifacts are embodied in the name of the Tu nationality. (4) the evaluation index system of soil cultural heritage function is divided into two categories: qualitative relics and quantitative diagnostic indicators. The evaluation standard was established and the site area was divided into 6 functional grade areas. The results of evaluation were in good agreement with the ancient land use grade map. Reasonable land use suggestions are put forward for each functional grade area. (5) based on the results of comprehensive analysis of climate substitution index of natural section, the results of climate substitution index analysis of cultural section are used as supplementary evidence. It is revealed that the paleoenvironmental evolution of the site, .100.6.9ka BP, increased temperature to stability, and produced Yangshao's early culture .6.9kBP5.6ka BP.The climate fluctuated and turned to drought in general, and the human-land relationship may have contradictions of .5.6n4ka BPand the climate turned dry and cold. After the decline of Yangshao culture (.4ka BP), the climate became drier and colder, resulting in a flood event, and the culture of the area gradually declined.
【学位授予单位】：中国地质大学(北京)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K878

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