20世纪以来美国社会治理中联邦政府角色的演变
发布时间：2018-07-25 17:48
【摘要】：美国社会治理的主体是以公民社会为代表的社会自组织治理,众多社会组织承担着美国社会治理的主要责任。在以社会自治为主体的美国社会治理中,联邦政府是否发挥作用,联邦政府的作用又经历何种变化?这是本论文研究的出发点。论文以干预理念和干预能力为分析框架,考察20世纪以来联邦政府干预理念和干预能力的变化,结合联邦政府社会规制权力扩张与社会政策实施,总结联邦政府在社会治理中经历的“旁观者”、“参与者”、“干预者”、“主导者”、“监督者”的角色演变,分析联邦政府对社会治理干预发生的从“缺失”到“参与”、从“被动应对”到“主动塑造”、从“直接干预”到“间接影响”的三次转型,展现20世纪以来联邦政府对美国社会治理发展的重要意义。论文内容分为三个部分:第一部分是绪论,主要是论文研究意义的总结、相关概念的明晰、研究现状的梳理以及论文的研究思路和创新之处等。第二部分是论文的主体部分,分为五章:第一章是“联邦政府的转型——从旁观者到参与者的转变”。20世纪初至30年代早期,联邦政府在社会治理中的角色经历从“旁观者”到“参与者”的转变。“小政府”“大社会”是美国传统,社会自治成为美国社会治理的主体,联邦政府局限于“有限政府”原则,对社会事务采取“自由放任”策略,成为社会治理的“旁观者”、“守夜人”。“进步主义时代”的社会危机使得联邦政府的保守主义理念遭到质疑,西奥多·罗斯福等改革派力量的政治改革及社会实践,突破“有限政府”原则的束缚,推动联邦政府改变“守夜人”状态,转变为社会治理的“参与者”,参与到美国的“进步主义运动”中,与社会组织共同解决美国的社会问题,开启联邦政府对社会治理干预从“无”到“有”的转变。第二章是“联邦政府干预的扩大——干预者角色的确立”。20世纪30年代伴随着罗斯福“新政”实施,联邦政府确立了在社会治理中的“干预者”角色。1929年经济危机对美国社会造成严重冲击,传统社会治理模式难以为继。为此联邦政府在干预理念上抛弃“自由放任”的保守主义,采用“国家干预”策略,致力推动联邦政府向“大政府”迈进。在干预能力上,联邦政府通过征收个人所得税、改革税收征缴制度等措施,提升联邦政府税收收入,增强联邦政府社会规制能力。联邦政府实施一系列社会政策,介入到许多原来由社会组织负责的领域,承担起相应社会职能。联邦政府还推动《社会保障法》等法律的通过与实施,以法律形式明确联邦政府在社会治理中的责任,推动联邦政府社会治理干预的制度化和法制化。通过社会保障体系构建,联邦政府不断加强对社会事务干预,确立自身在社会治理中的“干预者”角色。第三章是“巩固、修正与提高——干预者角色的强化”。20世纪40、50年代联邦政府社会治理“干预者”角色不断得到巩固与强化。“大萧条”对美国社会的影响缓解后,“国家干预”理念被联邦政府延续下来并不断得到巩固和提高。联邦政府承担的社会职能进一步扩大,专业化的组织与机构使得联邦政府的社会政策更加科学化与专业化。联邦政府也着力加强社会治理法制体系的构建与完善,推动社会规制权力持续扩张、社会政策涵盖范围不断扩大、社会治理机构专业化程度逐步提升。联邦政府对美国社会治理干预愈发广泛和深入,在社会治理中的“干预者”角色得到不断强化。第四章是“联邦政府的全面干预——干预者角色的升级”。20世纪60年代联邦政府在社会治理中的角色从“干预者”升级为“主导者”。60年代国际局势相对缓和为联邦政府集中精力解决国内事务提供可能,二战以后构建福利国家成为一种发展趋势,为联邦政府强化对社会治理干预提供外部参照。联邦政府也得到国内政治、经济、社会多方面支持,获得充足资源实施社会政策。肯尼迪、约翰逊等人锐意改革,提出“伟大社会”改革规划,推动联邦政府社会政策广泛实施。20世纪60年代联邦政府在干预理念和干预能力上达到顶峰,实现联邦政府对社会治理的全面干预。在构建福利国家背景下,联邦政府对美国社会进行整体规划,推动和实施一系列范围广泛的社会治理立法与社会政策,将社会生活诸多领域纳入到联邦政府管辖范畴,主导着美国社会治理的发展方向,推动美国福利国家构建。联邦政府从社会治理治理的“干预者”升级为“主导者”。第五章是“回归保守——从干预者到监督者的再转型”。20世纪70年代以来,联邦政府在社会治理中的角色逐渐从“干预者”向“监督者”转变。联邦政府对社会治理的全面干预导致诸多问题,促使70年代以来联邦政府逐步修正对社会治理的干预理念,从“国家干预”向“保守主义”回归。联邦政府实施一系列保守主义改革,缩减政府规模、弱化政府职能,推动社会治理的市场化、社会化、地方化。同时联邦政府推动建立以社区自治为核心的社会治理模式,发挥联邦政府统筹、规划、引导、监督作用,从社会治理的“干预者”转变为“监督者”,实现联邦政府对社会治理从直接干预到间接影响的再次转型。第三部分是结语,总体性地分析美国联邦政府在社会治理中扮演的“旁观者”、“参与者”、“干预者”、“主导者”、“监督者”的角色内涵与历史演变;同时总结20世纪以来联邦政府干预社会治理从“缺失”到“参与”、从“被动应对”到“主动塑造”、从“直接干预”到“间接影响”的三次转型,思考政府之于社会治理的重要意义与价值。
[Abstract]:The main body of the social governance in the United States is the self-organized governance of the society represented by civil society. Many social organizations bear the main responsibility of the social governance of the United States. In the American social governance which is the main body of social autonomy, the federal government plays a role. What changes have the role of the federal government experienced? This is the starting point of this study. This paper, based on the concept of intervention and the ability to intervene, examines the changes in the concept of federal intervention and the ability to intervene in the federal government since twentieth Century, and combines the federal government's social regulation power expansion and the implementation of social policies to summarize the "spectator", "participant", "intervener", "leader" and "the leader" of the federal government in social governance. " The role evolution of the supervisor, analyzing the three transformation of the federal government from "lack" to "participation", from "passive response" to "initiative", from "direct intervention" to "indirect influence", shows the importance of the federal government to the development of social governance in the United States since twentieth Century. Three parts: the first part is the introduction, mainly the summary of the significance of the thesis, the clarity of the related concepts, the combing of the research status and the research ideas and innovation of the thesis. The second part is the main part of the thesis, which is divided into five chapters: the first chapter is the "transformation of the federal government from the bystander to the participant" in the.20 world From the beginning of the period from the beginning of the 30s to the early 30s, the role of the federal government in social governance changed from "bystander" to "participant". "Small government" "big society" is the American tradition, social autonomy has become the main body of American social governance, the federal government is limited to the "limited government", and the "laissez faire" strategy for social affairs, The "bystanders" of social governance, the "night watchman". The social crisis of the "progressive era" made the conservative idea of the federal government questioned, the political reform and social practice of Theodore I and other reformist forces, breaking through the "limited government" principle, and promoting the federal government to change the "night watchman" state, The second chapter is "the enlargement of the intervention of the federal government - the establishment of the role of the intervener" in the 30 years of the.20 century. With the implementation of Roosevelt's "New Deal", the federal government has established the role of "intervener" in social governance in the.1929 economic crisis, which has caused serious impact on American society, and the traditional social governance model is difficult to follow. To promote the federal government to move towards the "big government". In the intervention capacity, the federal government, through the collection of personal income tax, reform the tax collection system and other measures to enhance the federal government tax revenue and strengthen the federal government's social regulation ability. The federal government implements a series of social policies, involved in many of the original social organizations responsible. The federal government also promotes the corresponding social functions. The federal government also promotes the adoption and implementation of the law, such as the social security law, and makes clear the responsibility of the federal government in social governance in the form of law, and promotes the institutionalization and legalization of the federal government's social governance intervention. The federal government continuously strengthens the intervention in social affairs through the social security system. The role of "intervener" in social governance is established. The third chapter is "consolidation, correction and improvement - the strengthening of the role of the intervener". The role of "intervener" in the social governance of the federal government in the.20 century 40,50 years has been consolidated and strengthened. After the relief of the impact of the great depression on American society, the concept of "state intervention" is linked The state government continues to continue to be consolidated and improved. The social functions of the federal government are further expanded. The specialized organizations and institutions make the social policies of the federal government more scientific and professional. The federal government also focuses on strengthening the construction and improvement of the legal system of social governance, and promoting the continuous expansion of social regulation power. The scope of the policy coverage is expanding and the degree of specialization of social governance institutions is gradually enhanced. The federal government's intervention in social governance is becoming more and more extensive and in-depth. The role of "the intervener" in social governance has been continuously strengthened. The fourth chapter is "the comprehensive intervention of the Federal government - the role of the intervener" in the 60s.20 century. The role of state government in social governance from "intervener" to "leader" in.60's international situation is relatively relaxed for the federal government to focus on solving domestic affairs. After World War II, the construction of a welfare state has become a trend of development, providing an external reference for the federal government to strengthen the governance and intervention of the society. Kennedy, Johnson, et al. Kennedy, Johnson and others made a sharp reform, put forward the "great society" reform plan, and promoted the federal government's social policy to carry out extensive implementation of the federal government in the 60s century. The federal government reached the peak of the intervention concept and intervention ability and realized the federal government. Under the background of building a welfare state, the federal government planned the United States society as a whole, promoted and implemented a series of wide range of social governance legislation and social policies, brought many fields of social life into the jurisdiction of the federal government, guided the development direction of American social governance and promoted the United States. The fifth chapter is "regression Conservatism - the re transformation from the intervener to the supervisor". Since the 70s of the.20 century, the role of the federal government in social governance has gradually changed from the "interventionist" to the "supervisor". The comprehensive intervention of the government will lead to many problems. Since 70s, the federal government has gradually revised the concept of intervention on social governance and returned from "state intervention" to "conservatism". The federal government implemented a series of conservative reforms, reduced the scale of the government, weakened the government's ability, and promoted the marketization, socialization and local governance of social governance. At the same time, the federal government promotes the establishment of a social governance model at the core of community autonomy, giving full play to the co-ordination, planning, guidance and supervision of the federal government, transforming the "intervener" into the "supervisor" from the social governance, and realizing the second transformation of the federal government from direct intervention to the indirect influence of social governance. The third part is the conclusion, and the overall conclusion. The role of "spectator", "participant", "intervener", "leader", "supervisor" and the historical evolution of the United States federal government in social governance were analyzed. At the same time, the federal government intervened in social governance from "lack" to "participation", from "passive response" to "initiative" since twentieth Century. From the three transformations of "direct intervention" to "indirect impact", we think about the importance and value of government in social governance.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K712.5
，
本文编号：2144569
[Abstract]:The main body of the social governance in the United States is the self-organized governance of the society represented by civil society. Many social organizations bear the main responsibility of the social governance of the United States. In the American social governance which is the main body of social autonomy, the federal government plays a role. What changes have the role of the federal government experienced? This is the starting point of this study. This paper, based on the concept of intervention and the ability to intervene, examines the changes in the concept of federal intervention and the ability to intervene in the federal government since twentieth Century, and combines the federal government's social regulation power expansion and the implementation of social policies to summarize the "spectator", "participant", "intervener", "leader" and "the leader" of the federal government in social governance. " The role evolution of the supervisor, analyzing the three transformation of the federal government from "lack" to "participation", from "passive response" to "initiative", from "direct intervention" to "indirect influence", shows the importance of the federal government to the development of social governance in the United States since twentieth Century. Three parts: the first part is the introduction, mainly the summary of the significance of the thesis, the clarity of the related concepts, the combing of the research status and the research ideas and innovation of the thesis. The second part is the main part of the thesis, which is divided into five chapters: the first chapter is the "transformation of the federal government from the bystander to the participant" in the.20 world From the beginning of the period from the beginning of the 30s to the early 30s, the role of the federal government in social governance changed from "bystander" to "participant". "Small government" "big society" is the American tradition, social autonomy has become the main body of American social governance, the federal government is limited to the "limited government", and the "laissez faire" strategy for social affairs, The "bystanders" of social governance, the "night watchman". The social crisis of the "progressive era" made the conservative idea of the federal government questioned, the political reform and social practice of Theodore I and other reformist forces, breaking through the "limited government" principle, and promoting the federal government to change the "night watchman" state, The second chapter is "the enlargement of the intervention of the federal government - the establishment of the role of the intervener" in the 30 years of the.20 century. With the implementation of Roosevelt's "New Deal", the federal government has established the role of "intervener" in social governance in the.1929 economic crisis, which has caused serious impact on American society, and the traditional social governance model is difficult to follow. To promote the federal government to move towards the "big government". In the intervention capacity, the federal government, through the collection of personal income tax, reform the tax collection system and other measures to enhance the federal government tax revenue and strengthen the federal government's social regulation ability. The federal government implements a series of social policies, involved in many of the original social organizations responsible. The federal government also promotes the corresponding social functions. The federal government also promotes the adoption and implementation of the law, such as the social security law, and makes clear the responsibility of the federal government in social governance in the form of law, and promotes the institutionalization and legalization of the federal government's social governance intervention. The federal government continuously strengthens the intervention in social affairs through the social security system. The role of "intervener" in social governance is established. The third chapter is "consolidation, correction and improvement - the strengthening of the role of the intervener". The role of "intervener" in the social governance of the federal government in the.20 century 40,50 years has been consolidated and strengthened. After the relief of the impact of the great depression on American society, the concept of "state intervention" is linked The state government continues to continue to be consolidated and improved. The social functions of the federal government are further expanded. The specialized organizations and institutions make the social policies of the federal government more scientific and professional. The federal government also focuses on strengthening the construction and improvement of the legal system of social governance, and promoting the continuous expansion of social regulation power. The scope of the policy coverage is expanding and the degree of specialization of social governance institutions is gradually enhanced. The federal government's intervention in social governance is becoming more and more extensive and in-depth. The role of "the intervener" in social governance has been continuously strengthened. The fourth chapter is "the comprehensive intervention of the Federal government - the role of the intervener" in the 60s.20 century. The role of state government in social governance from "intervener" to "leader" in.60's international situation is relatively relaxed for the federal government to focus on solving domestic affairs. After World War II, the construction of a welfare state has become a trend of development, providing an external reference for the federal government to strengthen the governance and intervention of the society. Kennedy, Johnson, et al. Kennedy, Johnson and others made a sharp reform, put forward the "great society" reform plan, and promoted the federal government's social policy to carry out extensive implementation of the federal government in the 60s century. The federal government reached the peak of the intervention concept and intervention ability and realized the federal government. Under the background of building a welfare state, the federal government planned the United States society as a whole, promoted and implemented a series of wide range of social governance legislation and social policies, brought many fields of social life into the jurisdiction of the federal government, guided the development direction of American social governance and promoted the United States. The fifth chapter is "regression Conservatism - the re transformation from the intervener to the supervisor". Since the 70s of the.20 century, the role of the federal government in social governance has gradually changed from the "interventionist" to the "supervisor". The comprehensive intervention of the government will lead to many problems. Since 70s, the federal government has gradually revised the concept of intervention on social governance and returned from "state intervention" to "conservatism". The federal government implemented a series of conservative reforms, reduced the scale of the government, weakened the government's ability, and promoted the marketization, socialization and local governance of social governance. At the same time, the federal government promotes the establishment of a social governance model at the core of community autonomy, giving full play to the co-ordination, planning, guidance and supervision of the federal government, transforming the "intervener" into the "supervisor" from the social governance, and realizing the second transformation of the federal government from direct intervention to the indirect influence of social governance. The third part is the conclusion, and the overall conclusion. The role of "spectator", "participant", "intervener", "leader", "supervisor" and the historical evolution of the United States federal government in social governance were analyzed. At the same time, the federal government intervened in social governance from "lack" to "participation", from "passive response" to "initiative" since twentieth Century. From the three transformations of "direct intervention" to "indirect impact", we think about the importance and value of government in social governance.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K712.5
，
本文编号：2144569
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shoufeilunwen/rwkxbs/2144569.html
