基于标记论的现代汉语状补应对问题研究

发布时间：2018-08-13 10:30

【摘要】：本文以标记论作为最重要的理论基础,以现代汉语中状语和补语的应对关系作为实例,试图验证和发展标记论中有标形式和无标形式存在一系列句法表现差异的理论,同时也具体地分析了相当数量的语法问题个案。全文一共分为六章。第一章先介绍标记论的基本观点及其在汉语研究中的应用情况,指出有标形式和无标形式在组合关系和聚合关系中体现出来的句法差异,这种差异可以高度抽象为：有标形式组合关系复杂而聚合关系简单；无标形式组合关系简单但是聚合关系复杂。接着介绍了汉语研究中有关状语和补语这两个术语的产生和发展情况,界定厘清了状语和补语的内涵和外延。最后综述已有的研究成果中关于状语和补语的分类以及状补应对问题的大致情况。在第一章里,本文还简要讨论了和状补应对这一语序问题相关的其他理论问题,具体包括“时间顺序原则”、语序问题和认知语言学以及状补应对和方言等问题。本文认为单纯的时间顺序原则和高度抽象的认知心理语言学理论不足以解决现代汉语中状语和补语的类型,以及状补应对关系等问题,需要将语言本身作为一个相对自足的系统来考察。联系古汉语和方言的“普古方”大三角研究平台是研究汉语问题最科学的方法之一。第二章联系汉语的历史发展,描写状补标记“地”的发展情况,将“地”提升到语法标记的高度,概括现代汉语中状语标记“地”的隐现规律和语法功能。本文认为“地”最根本的语法功能是将和句子主要谓语有修饰关系及时序关系等不同类型的语法单位标注成为状语,具体体现为标明状中关系,强制将动补结构转化为状中结构,异化状语和中心语之间的语义关系以及使状中关系多样化这几个方面。一般来说,与谓语有修饰与被修饰关系的状语能够较为轻松的应对成为补语,而与谓语只有时序关系的状语不能应对成为补语,这是本文的基本结论之一。第三章主要分析补语标记“得”的语法化进程。在对汉语发展史的详细描述的基础上,离析现代汉语中那些不能被看作结构助词的“得”,归纳补语标记“得”的基本语法功能。本文认为“得”的语法化可以分为两个阶段,第一个阶段是用在其他动词之前,经由动词连用这一途径,获得了“得以、能够”等语法意义,逐渐发展成为现代汉语中的能愿动词；第二阶段是在第一阶段的发展基本完成之后,在动补结构日趋成熟的大背景下,经过第二次的动词连用,句法结构逐渐发生重新分析,从而发展成为补语标记“得”。“得以、能够”的语法意义,是“得”发生语法化的重要桥梁。同时,本文还指出,在当下的现代汉语中还存留着数量可观的动词或动语素“得”,它们的存在是“得”语法化没有彻底完成的明证,也是“得”语法化的必经之路。在对“得”语法化过程再认识的基础上,本文重新为现代汉语中的补语划分了次类：补语首先二分,其一是无标补语,其二是有标补语；有标补语再细分为可能补语、状态补语和结果补语三类。三种类型的有标补语具有鲜明的句法差异,分别代表了“得”语法化的不同阶段和结果。在此基础上,我们得出了本文的另一个基本结论：在有标补语中,和谓语有修饰与被修饰关系的状态补语可以应对成为状语,而和谓语只有简单时序关系的结果补语不能形成状补应对关系。在这一章里,还简要地讨论了和补语相关的一些其他问题,包括补语标记“不”和“个”的问题,副词做补语以及“很”和“极”、“极了”做补语的问题。第四章分析跟语法标记“地”和“得”相关的其他一些问题,主要是指出经济性语用原则对这两个标记隐现的一些影响,使用频率高的语表形式容易形成标记的脱落的情况。我们还以同一小句中“地’前‘得’后”和“得’前‘地’后”的共现作为实例,初步验证了我们对状语和补语的次类划分以及对状补应对问题的基本认识。第五章着重分析形容词充当状语和补语的实例。利用前人的研究成果,我们制作了一份形容词表,详细描写了在与特定动词相关时形容词做状语和补语的情况,通过描写形容词做动词的状语和补语,以及形容词做形容词的状语和补语这两个问题,再次验证了我们的基本结论。第六章是一个结语,介绍了为写作本文所做的一些基本工作,突出了本文的基本观点,指出了本文的一些创新之处和不足之处。
[Abstract]:This paper, based on markedness theory as the most important theoretical basis and taking the coping relationship between adverbial and complement in modern Chinese as an example, tries to verify and develop the theory that marked forms and unmarked forms in markedness theory have a series of syntactic differences. At the same time, it concretely analyzes a considerable number of grammatical problems. The full text is divided into six chapters. Chapter One first introduces the basic viewpoints of Markedness Theory and its application in the study of Chinese, and points out the syntactic differences between marked and unmarked forms in combinatorial and aggregative relations, which can be highly abstracted as follows: marked forms are complex and aggregative relations are simple; unmarked forms are simple but aggregative relations are simple Then it introduces the emergence and development of adverbial and complement terms in Chinese studies, defines and clarifies the connotation and extension of adverbial and complement. Finally, it summarizes the classification of adverbial and complement and the general situation of adverbial and complement coping problems in the existing research results. This paper discusses other theoretical problems related to adverbial complement coping, including the principle of time sequence, word order, cognitive linguistics, adverbial complement coping and dialect. The type of complement and the relationship between adverbial and complement need to be studied as a relatively self-sufficient system. The platform of "Pugufang" triangle is one of the most scientific methods to study Chinese. The second chapter describes the development of the adverbial complement marker "Di" in the light of the historical development of Chinese. This paper holds that the most fundamental grammatical function of the adverbial "di" is to label different types of grammatical units as adverbials, such as those with modifiable and sequential relations with the main predicates of a sentence, into adverbials. Generally speaking, adverbials with modifications and modifications to predicates can be easily coped with as complements, while adverbials with only temporal relations to predicates can not be coped with as complements. In the third chapter, the grammaticalization process of the complement marker De is analyzed. On the basis of the detailed description of the history of Chinese language development, the basic grammatical functions of the complement marker de which can not be regarded as a structural auxiliary in modern Chinese are analyzed. It can be divided into two stages: the first stage is used before other verbs, and through the way of verb conjunction, grammatical meaning such as "can, can" is obtained, and gradually developed into a willing verb in modern Chinese; the second stage is in the development of the first stage basically completed, in the context of the maturing of the verb-complement structure. After the second verb conjunction, the syntactic structure is gradually reanalyzed, and the grammatical meaning of the complement "de", "de, neng" is an important bridge for the grammaticalization of "de". On the basis of re-understanding of the grammaticalization process of de, this paper re-classifies the complements in modern Chinese into two categories: first, there are no complements, second, there are complements with signs; second, there are complements with signs; and then, there are complements with signs, which can be subdivided into possible ones. There are three types of complements: complement, state complement and result complement. The three types of complements have distinct syntactic differences, which represent different stages and results of the grammaticalization of "de". On this basis, we draw another basic conclusion of this paper: in complements with signs, state complements with modifiers and modifiers of predicates can be copied. In this chapter, some other problems related to complements are briefly discussed, including the marking of "no" and "ge", the complementing of adverbs and the complementing of "very" and "extremely" and "extremely" respectively. Four chapters analyze some other problems related to the grammatical markers "di" and "de", mainly pointing out the influence of economic pragmatic principles on these two markers, and the frequent use of linguistic forms tends to lead to the absence of markers. The co-occurrence of "Hou" as an example, preliminarily verifies our basic understanding of adverbial and complement subcategories and the problem of adverbial and complement coping. Chapter 5 focuses on the analysis of adjectives as adverbial and complement examples. Using the previous research results, we have made an adjective table, describing in detail the adjectives when they are related to a specific verb. Chapter 6 is a concluding remark, which introduces some basic work done for the writing of this paper, highlights the basic viewpoints of this paper, and points out that this article is based on the description of adjectives as adverbial and complement of verbs and adjectives as adverbial and complement of adjectives. Some innovations and shortcomings.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：H146

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