《世说新语》人学研究

发布时间：2018-08-24 16:53

【摘要】：作为主要记述魏晋上层社会人物“言”、“行”的承载体——《世说新语》，它向接受者开启了一扇“窗”，透过此“窗”，我们可窥知《世说新语》所涉人物之较为真实的“存在”。本文尝试从“人学”角度全面、深入地解读《世说新语》，对其中所涉的人物之生存状况、人伦、人性、人生观，进行深度挖掘与系统阐述。全文共包括五个部分，主要内容如下：绪论部分，对本文开展研究前的研究基础作出说明。其一，对论文的选题，进行释解；交代本文的研究价值，逻辑构架；以及本论文所引《世说新语》及其注解的文本，进行必要之说明。其二，对《世说新语》研究的已有研究成果，进行述论；梳理大陆地区相关的主要博士论文，台湾地区硕、博士论文，以及相关的代表性专著。其三，交代本文拟解决的关键问题、研究方法及章节的架构。第一章，，对《世说新语》中人的生存状况，作总体考察。本章的考察涵盖“世说人物”之生存相关的典型方面，当然这个探讨范围也有一定限制，是以《世说新语》记述的内容为主要的材料库。本章所论，涉及与人生存相关的自然需求层面、社会层面、精神层面的内容，是一个较为全面的研讨。本章重点考察《世说新语》中所涉人物的生存状况。从《世说新语》中人的生存之特征来看，有：“物质生存资料的困顿与奢靡”，“充斥暴力的生存”“个体‘失范’的生存之态”，“‘世说人物’精神的困厄”，“世说人物’之间的‘内斗’”，“不缺席的‘闲逸’”，诸种特征。接着，论文阐述了《世说新语》中所涉人物之生存状况的成因，主要有：“人祸”与“天灾”，导致“世说人物”物质之困顿与奢靡；缺乏制衡力的“社会关系”，让“世说人物”之生存充斥暴力；思想之多元，促使个体“失范”生存之态的凸显；个体人物自身深层的不安全感，导致“世说人物”精神的困厄；利益的纠葛，导致人物间的“内斗”；“世说人物”内心积郁的自发纾解，要求“闲逸”之生存。最后，此章节讨论了《世说新语》中所涉人物的生存“展示”之意义，可概括为：其一，便于接受者深度理解《世说新语》之内蕴；其二，引发接受者对自身生存状况的反思，不断提升个体之生存体验。第二章，主要从人的社会属性方面来谈《世说新语》人学研究之中牵涉到的人伦问题。本章着重讨论人学研究视野下的《世说新语》中的人伦问题。从《世说新语》中所涉的人伦关系来看，主要有以下特征：重视君臣之人伦；倡导孝敬父母之人伦；门第化的婚配之人伦；夫妇之“深情”人伦；母子之“情深”人伦；朋友间的“信义”人伦；不乏“失范”的人伦。而从《世说新语》中人伦之成因来看，可归结为：其一，社会发展对基本人伦秩序的要求；其二，个体对人伦秩序的自发维护，这两点是构建《世说新语》之人伦关系风貌的两大基本成因。最后，本章讨论了《世说新语》中人伦“展示”之启示：其一，人伦为人类生命更好地存在，构建了良好的屏障；其二，对构建现今社会所需的和谐人伦关系，有积极的启示意义。第三章，对《世说新语》所涉的人物之人性“风貌”，进行探究。就《世说新语》所涉的人学内容而言，人性内容的探讨，倾向于从人之自然属性的层面来探讨。当然这部分内容也不完全是“自然层面”的，就此部分的整体内容构架而言，探讨人自然属性之中的人性内容所占的比重较大。本章着重讨论“世说人物”的人性。从《世说新语》所承载的内容来看，该书为接受者呈现一个纷繁复杂的人性图景，其中有“光辉”人性之展示，有“灰暗”人性之书写。从《世说新语》中述及的有关人物“光辉”人性特征来看，有：“人性之善”，“品性高尚”，“乐于赞美别人”，“求美之人性”，诸种特征。而《世说新语》中的“光辉”人性之成因，主要有：“世说人物”之觉悟与理智，促人性之善；品性高尚，源于良好本性；寻找精神“标杆”，赞赏他者；爱美之天性，促人求美。本章亦讨论了《世说新语》中“光辉”人性“展示”之启示，其一，人性之光辉，改善了“世说人物”的生存之态；其二，人性之光辉，让“世说人物”共享和谐之生存环境；其三，人性之光辉，符合“世说人物”之根本利益。本章还讨论了《世说新语》中所涉人物的“灰暗”人性。就“世说人物”的“灰暗”人性之特征来看，可概括为仇恨、狡诈、嫉妒、暴戾、放纵、贪婪，诸种特征。而从《世说新语》中灰暗人性之成因来说，有以下原因：其一，特定的社会生存现实使然；其二，繁杂社会关系网的“纠葛”；其三，个人趋利自保的秉性驱使。最后，本章还讨论了《世说新语》中“灰暗”人性“展示”的意义，主要有：其一，作为承载先人真实人性的文字“化石”；其二，启示个体“重新审视”自身人性之弱点；其三，拓宽了志人文学发展之途。可以说，《世说新语》给我们打开一扇“幽深”的人性之窗，我们在探寻与研读该典籍的同时，也加深了接受者对自身人性的思索。第四章，对“世说人物”的人生观方面的内容，进行探讨。当然，本文各章节的内容讨论，或有交叉，这也是相关内容的牵涉造成的。本章重点讨论《世说新语》中所涉人物之人生观。就“世说人物”人生观之特征而言，有“世说人物”积极地入仕求官，企慕“惬意”的人生之态；亦有及时为乐者，他们对生活有着虚无感，试图在“行乐”中获得人生的快意。“世说人物”中的主张“入世”者，在“入世”之中，确证个体生命存在的意义，发挥人生之价值。《世说新语》所涉人物亦有提倡“闲适”生存者，他们的自我意识强烈，十分关注人自身与自然之美，常感叹人生之无常，生命之短暂，试图让今生过得充足，增加生命宽度、厚度。而就“世说人物”的及时行乐观而言，多与个体自身之因素有关，或另有“隐情”；他们所倡导或暂时沉溺于及时行乐中，是对人生之无常的抗拒。当然，《世说新语》中的各类型人生观的展示，亦渗透着编纂者刘义庆的复杂人生观念。第五章，结语部分，对全文之研究，进行总体性概述。综而言之，《世说新语》人学研究，展示了“世说人物”的生存之态，深究了“世说人物”的人伦状况，揭示了“世说人物”的人性“风貌”，探索了“世说人物”的人生观。在研究之中，我们解答了诸多关于《世说新语》、《世说新语》所涉人物、编纂者、接受者相关的疑问；而对相关问题的探索，依然空间较大，富有价值，充满着诱惑。
[Abstract]:As the main body of describing "words" and "deeds" of the upper social figures in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Shishuo Xinyu opened a "window" to the recipients. Through this "window", we can see the more real "existence" of the characters involved in Shishuo Xinyu.
This paper attempts to comprehensively and thoroughly interpret Shishuo Xinyu from the perspective of human studies, and to dig and systematically expound the living conditions, human relations, human nature and outlook on life of the characters involved in it.
The first part is to explain the topic of the paper, explain the value and logical framework of the study, and explain the texts of Shishuoxinyu and its annotations. Third, explain the key issues, research methods and the structure of the chapters.
Chapter One makes a general survey of the living conditions of the people in Shishuo Xinyu. This chapter covers the typical aspects related to the existence of the "Shishuo Xinyu" characters. Of course, the scope of this study is limited to a certain extent. It is based on the contents of Shishuo Xinyu. This chapter focuses on the living conditions of the characters involved in Shishuoxinyu. According to the characteristics of people's existence in Shishuoxinyu, there are: the dilemma and extravagance of material means of existence, the existence full of violence, the existence of individual's anomie, the existence of the world. Then, the paper expounds the causes of the existence of the characters involved in Shishuo Xinyu, mainly including: man-made calamity and natural calamity, which lead to the material difficulties and luxuries of Shishuo Xinyu, lack of checks and balances. The "social relationship" of power makes the existence of the "world-telling characters" full of violence; the pluralism of ideas makes the individual's "anomie" existential state prominent; the deep insecurity of individual characters leads to the spiritual dilemma of the "world-telling characters"; the tangle of interests leads to the "internal struggle" among the characters; and the depression of the "world-telling characters" heart. Finally, this chapter discusses the significance of "showing" the existence of the characters involved in "Shi Shuo Xin Yu". It can be summarized as follows: firstly, it is easy for the recipient to understand the connotation of "Shi Shuo Xin Yu". secondly, it triggers the recipient to reflect on their own living conditions and constantly enhance the individual survival experience.
Chapter Two discusses the human relations involved in the study of Shi Shuo Xin Yu from the perspective of social attributes. This chapter focuses on the human relations in Shi Shuo Xin Yu from the perspective of human studies. Human relations; family marriage; couple's "affection" human relations; mother and son's "affection" human relations; friend's "faith" human relations; there is no lack of "anomie" human relations. The spontaneous maintenance of the order is the two basic reasons for the construction of the human relations in Shishuo Xinyu. Finally, this chapter discusses the Enlightenment of the human relations "display" in Shishuo Xinyu: first, human relations have constructed a good barrier for the better existence of human life; second, they have a positive impact on the construction of harmonious human relations needed by modern society. Enlightenment.
Chapter Three explores the human nature of the characters involved in Shishuo Xinyu. As far as the humanistic content involved in Shishuo Xinyu is concerned, the discussion of human nature tends to be carried out from the perspective of the natural attributes of human beings. Of course, this part of the content is not entirely from the "natural level". As far as the overall content framework of this part is concerned, the discussion is made. This chapter focuses on the human nature of "Shi Shuo Xin Yu". From the content of Shi Shuo Xin Yu, the book presents a complicated picture of human nature for the recipient, including the display of "brilliant" human nature and the writing of "gray" human nature. From the perspective of the human nature characteristics of the "glorious" characters, there are "goodness of human nature", "nobility of character", "pleasure in praising others" and "human nature in pursuit of beauty". The causes of the "glorious" human nature in Shishuoxinyu are mainly the consciousness and reason of the "worldly character" to promote the goodness of human nature, and the nobility of character originates from the good nature. This chapter also discusses the Enlightenment of "glorious" human nature in Shishuo Xinyu. First, the glory of human nature has improved the living environment of "Shishuo characters"; second, the glory of human nature enables "Shishuo characters" to share a harmonious living environment. This chapter also discusses the "dark" human nature of the characters involved in Shishuo Xinyu. In terms of the "dark" human nature of Shishuo Xinyu, it can be summarized as hatred, cunning, jealousy, violent, indulgence, greed and other characteristics. There are the following reasons: first, the specific reality of social survival; secondly, the complex social network of "entanglement"; thirdly, the personality of self-interest driven. Finally, this chapter also discusses the "dark" in the "Shishuoxinyu" human nature "show" significance, mainly as: first, as a carrier of the real human nature of the forefathers of the text "fossils" Secondly, it enlightens individuals to "re-examine" their own weaknesses in human nature; thirdly, it broadens the path of the development of Zhi-ren literature.
Chapter Four discusses the contents of the outlook on life of "Shishuo characters". Of course, the contents of the chapters in this paper are discussed or overlapped. This chapter focuses on the outlook on life of the characters involved in "Shishuo Xinyu". As far as the characteristics of the outlook on life of "Shishuo characters", there are "Shishuo characters" positively. Those who advocate "joining the WTO" in the "World Talk Characters" affirm the significance of individual life and give full play to the value of life in the "Entry into the WTO". There are also those who advocate "leisure" survival, who have a strong sense of self-awareness, pay close attention to the beauty of man and nature, often lament the impermanence of life and the short life, and try to make this life sufficient, increase the width and thickness of life. They advocate or temporarily indulge in the timely pleasure, which is a resistance to the impermanence of life. Of course, the display of various outlooks on life in Shishuoxinyu also permeates the compiler Liu Yiqing's complex outlook on life.
The fifth chapter, the conclusion part, carries on the overall overview to the full text research. In a word, the study of "Shishuo Xinyu" shows the survival state of "Shishuo characters", studies the human relations of "Shishuo characters", reveals the human nature "style" of "Shishuo characters" and explores the outlook on life of "Shishuo characters". They have answered many questions about the characters, compilers and receivers involved in Shishuo Xinyu and Shishuo Xinyu, while there is still a large space, value and temptation to explore the relevant issues.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：I207.41

【参考文献】