现代汉语词缀研究

发布时间：2019-06-21 08:48

【摘要】：从语言类型看，汉语属于孤立语，形态变化不丰富，构词以复合法为主，由词根与词缀构成的附加式合成词占词语总数的比例小。但词缀可以说是汉语中最小而争议最大的语法单位，从术语名称、判定标准到范围界定，各家认识颇有分歧。本文以现代汉语词缀为研究对象，探讨关于现代汉语词缀的一些具体问题。全文分五章，第二到五章是本文的主体部分。第1章，绪论。介绍本文的研究对象和研究意义，说明本文的研究内容、理论指导、研究方法以及语料来源。第2章，对现代汉语词缀基本理论问题的再探讨。一是术语名称。我们通过对6个系列的术语名称从逻辑学、术语学两个角度进行比较，认为语缀（前缀、中缀、后缀）和词缀（前缀、中缀、后缀）两个系列比较科学。语缀和词缀的外延不同，应该有清晰界定，二者不宜作为同义概念使用；二是判定标准。我们认为：判定词缀应从位置固定、不成词语素、语义虚化、标示词性、构词能产、语音弱化六个方面综合考虑。其中前三条是必要标准，后三条是参考标准；第三个问题是现代汉语词缀的分类、范围和特点。关于分类，我们重点探讨了两类：真词缀、类词缀；语音化词缀、语法化词缀、语用化词缀。关于范围，我们比较了各家的不同并列举了本文认定的词缀。现代汉语词缀的特点有四个：数量少；前缀少、后缀多；类词缀多、真词缀少；构词能力有个体差异。第3章，结构词汇化而来的词缀。结构词汇化而来的词缀有两类：一是跨层结构词汇化而来的词缀；二是句法结构词汇化而来的词缀。跨层结构词汇化而来的词缀主要有“于”“乎”“然”“其”“为”，它们都是从独立使用的词演变为位置固定、语义虚化的构词语素—词缀。其词缀化的动因主要有三个：汉语双音节的韵律因素、与其前加词语线性相邻的高频共现、语义的虚化。句法结构的词汇化是指由词汇性成分和语法性成分组合而成的句法单位。我们认为：句法结构词汇化而来的词缀主要有“着”“了”“的”“地”“得”。与跨层结构词汇化而来的词缀不同的是，“着”“了”的语法化路径分为两个阶段：词→虚词→词缀。语法化动因与跨层结构大致相同。本章还探讨了包括“V得C”“V不C”的“得”“不”等是否为中缀的问题。第4章，探讨状态词词缀。主要围绕四个问题展开：第一，状态词词缀的种类。从语音角度看，有单音节词缀、叠音的双音节词缀BB、非叠音的双音节词缀和多音节词缀。其中叠音的双音节词缀BB最多，也最为复杂，只有意义虚化、位置固定、不成词语素BB才是词缀。第二，状态词词缀的来源。词缀BB来源于ABB结构，伴随着ABB短语的词汇化和BB语义的虚化，BB词缀形成。另外，ABB附加式词语模式形成后，有一些虚义的B直接重叠构成ABB词语。ABC和AxBC式词语由ABB语音变化而来。第三，状态词词缀的语用功能。具体说有四点：表达生动的形象色彩，表达程度的量级变化，表达褒贬的感情色彩，表达口语的语体色彩。第四，ABB词语的读音。以前，不论BB本调是否为阴平，，BB多倾向于读作阴平，现在，BB则趋向于读作本调。第5章，探讨语言接触对汉语词缀和派生构词方式的影响。具体包括影响的方式、程度、结果和原因。语言接触对汉语词缀影响的方式主要有三种：一是某语素的词缀用法从罕见偶发到频繁使用；二是词缀的使用范围扩大；三是词根语素新增词缀用法；语言接触对汉语构词产生了积极影响，这种影响表现在两个方面：一是推动了汉语派生构词法的发展；二是促使汉语新增了一批构词活跃的词语模。由于语言发展有自身规律，汉语吸收的外来词缀，一般要经过汉语的改造，因此语言接触对汉语派生构词的影响是局部的、细节的，不是伤筋动骨的。其他语言的派生构词词缀之所以被汉语改造并吸收，除了社会的发展、国际间密切交流的客观因素外，还有几个因素值得关注：语用心理、传媒方式的转变以及语言的类推机制。在本文的结语部分，简要归纳了语法化形成词缀的动因与机制。语法化形成词缀的动因有两方面：一是语言因素。具体说，包括音节的韵律制约，语义的虚化，语法功能的转变以及语用心理；二是社会因素。语言接触也是导致语法化形成的一个重要原因。语法化形成词缀的机制主要是重新分析、类推和借用。这部分还总结了本文的重要结论，反思了本文研究的不足，提出需要继续深入挖掘和研究的问题。本文的创新点：一、提出了一些新观点。比如：我们认为判定词缀要区分必要标准和参考标准。词缀应具备的三个必要特征是：位置固定、语义虚化、不成词。其中不成词是词缀与词最主要的区别特征。再如：我们主张应明确词缀与语缀概念间的种属关系，明晰二者的外延。二、从来源角度对词缀进行分类。对人们以前关注较少的结构词汇化而来的词缀、状态词词缀、语言接触影响下的词缀进行较为深入的探析，从而揭示造成词缀复杂、与相关语言单位边界不清的根本原因。三、研究过程中除运用语言学研究方法外，还采用了多学科的研究方法，主要涉及逻辑学、术语学、传播学等相关学科理论。
[Abstract]:According to the type of language, Chinese belong to the language of the isolated language, the form change is not rich, the word-building is mainly the compound method, the additional synthetic word composed of the root of the word and the affix is the proportion of the total number of words. But the affix can be said to be the smallest and most controversial grammatical unit in Chinese. In this paper, some specific problems about the affix of modern Chinese are discussed in this paper. The full text is divided into five chapters, and the second to five chapters are the main parts of this paper. Sub-chapter 1 The research object and significance of this paper are introduced in this paper. The research contents, theoretical guidance, research methods and the language of this paper are described in this paper. The source of material. Chapter 2, the basic theory of the affix of modern Chinese A further discussion of the subject. The term name. By comparing the term name of the six series from logic to terminology, the affix (prefix, suffix, suffix), and affix (prefix, suffix, suffix) are considered to be two systems The differences in the extension of the affix and the affix should be clearly defined, and the two should not be used as synonymous. It is the judgment standard. We believe that the determination of the affix should be fixed from the position, not the word element, the semantic deficiency, the mark of the word, the generation of the word-building and the weakening of the speech. The first three is the necessary standard, and the latter three are the reference standard; the third problem is the classification of the affix of modern Chinese. In terms of classification, we focus on two categories: true affix, class affix, phonetic affix, grammaticalization, With regard to the scope, we have compared the different and listed the article. In modern Chinese, there are four characters: few, few prefixes, many suffixes, many kinds of affixes and few words, and the ability of word-building. There are individual differences. Chapter 3, Structural Words The affix of lexicalization. There are two types of affix in the structure: one is the affix of the vocabulary of the cross-layer structure, and the other is the structure of the sentence. The affix of the cross-layer structure is mainly the "Yu" of the "in no case" of the "to". The motivation of the affix is three: the prosodic factor of the two-syllable in Chinese and the high-frequency co-existence of the two adjacent words. The word meaning of the syntactic structure is the combination of the lexical component and the grammatical component. The syntactic unit is the syntactic unit. We believe that the affixes of the lexicalization of the syntactic structure mainly have the "to" of ""of"" to "to" ". It is different from that of the cross-layer structure, that is, the "to" of the "The grammatical path of the word is divided into two stages: the word and the word. The motivation of grammaticalization is the same as that of the cross-layer structure. This chapter also discusses the inclusion of" of the "to" V to C "V涓岰" is not", and so on. No, the question of the affix. Chapter 4, the discussion of the affix of the word. It is mainly about four questions: the first, the first-time word and the affix. In the view of the voice, there are two-syllable, two-syllable, two-syllable, non-overlapping, two-syllable, and polysyllabic. The two-syllable, two-syllable, affix, BB, is the most complex, only meaningful, position-fixed, non-morpheme. B is the source of the affix. Second, the source of the word affix of the word. The affix BB is derived from the ABB structure, accompanied by the lexicalization of the ABB phrase and the deficiency of the BB semantics. After the addition of the word pattern, some of the imaginary B directly overlap to form the ABB words. The expressions of ABC and AxBC are derived from the change of ABB's voice. To express the emotional color of the praise, express the body color of the oral language. Fourth, the pronunciation of the ABB words. Before, whether the BB is in the shade or not, the BB tends to be in the shade, and now, B B. Trend In chapter 5, the influence of language contact on the pattern of Chinese affix and derivative word formation is discussed. The way, degree, result and reason of the influence of language contact on Chinese affix are discussed in detail. The way of the influence of language contact on Chinese affix is mainly three: one is the affix of a certain morpheme. The method is used frequently; the second is the extension of the use range of the affix; the third is the use of the word root morpheme; the language contact has a positive effect on the Chinese word formation, and the effect is manifested in two aspects: one is to promote The second is to promote the development of Chinese derived word-formation, and the other is to promote the addition of a number of words and phrases that are active in the Chinese language. Because of the self-rule of the development of the language, the external affix of Chinese absorption is generally subject to the transformation of Chinese, so the language contact is a derivative of Chinese. The influence of the local, detail, not the bone. The derivation of other languages is modified and absorbed by the Chinese. In addition to the development of the society and the objective factors of close communication between the two countries, there are several other factors The factors are: pragmatic, media and so on. In the epilogue of this paper, the motivation and mechanism of the formation of the affix in grammaticalization are briefly summarized. The motivation of the formation of the affix is two aspects: one is the language factor. The prosodic restriction, the virtual of the semantics, the transformation of the grammar function, and the pragmatic psychology; the other is the social factor. The language contact is an important reason leading to the formation of the grammaticalization. The mechanism of the formation of the affix is mainly to re-analyze, analogy and borrow. This part The important conclusions of this paper are also summarized, and the shortcomings of this paper are reflected in this paper. continued in-depth excavation and research The point of innovation in this paper: First, some new ideas are put forward. For example, we think it is necessary to make a distinction between the necessary standards and the reference standard The three essential features of the affix should be: the position fixation, the semantic deficiency, the non-word, which is the most important difference between the affix and the word. between the mind and the mind The relationship between the species and the extension of the two is clear. Two, the affix is classified from the source point of view. The affix, the affix, the affix of the word and the influence of the language contact of the less-focused structure are compared. In-depth analysis, it is revealed that the affix is complicated 3. In the course of the study, the method of multi-disciplinary research is also used, which is mainly involved in the study of linguistics.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：H146

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