论美国肯定性行动政策的发展演变（1965-2003）

发布时间：2018-01-19 18:38

本文关键词： 肯定性行动政策民权运动白人特权演变　出处：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：1961年肯尼迪总统颁布了10925号行政命令,在该政令中第一次提到“肯定性行动”一词。但是学界普遍认为1965年约翰逊总统颁布的11246号行政命令为肯定性行动开始的标志。肯定性行动政策是美国政府颁布的在联邦合同上向少数族裔(非裔、拉丁美洲裔、印第安人,亚裔)和妇女倾斜的行政命令,旨在消除美国历史上的种族歧视,实现种族平等。本文认为肯定性行动政策在40年代至60年代的兴起和发展离不开民权运动;通过分析肯定性行动政策在高等教育领域的发展演变,本文认为70年代末肯定性行动政策受到挑战是新保守主义的兴起,以及白人特权的遗留。第一章主要归纳总结了国内外研究肯定性行动政策兴起、发展和受到挑战的论著及期刊。第二章研究了肯定性行动政策的历史背景,认为肯定性行动兴起离不开民权运动。具体表现为伦道夫领导的“向华盛顿进军”运动,迫使罗斯福总统颁布8802号行政命令,建立公平就业实施委员会,该委员会为肯定性行动政策的兴起奠定了良好的基础。20世纪50年代是美国民权运动轰轰烈烈开展的阶段,其中蒙哥马利事件,小石城事件以及静坐运动都取得了胜利。民权运动的开展,对美国社会产生巨大的影响,其中最直接的就是对美国政治的影响,使得总统不得不重视黑人问题。第三章是“美国政府的肯定性行动政策”,主要论述了肯尼迪总统与10925号行政命令,约翰逊与《民权法案》及11246号行政命令,尼克松与费城计划。在这三位总统任职期间,肯定性行动政策得以确立和发展。值得注意的是,在这一时期,民权运动仍然对肯定性行动政策的确立和发展起到积极作用。第四章是“肯定性行动政策受到挑战”,肯定性行动从出台就受到不断地争议,以至于最高法院开始审理其合宪性,里根总统采取措施反对肯定性行动,一些州废除了肯定性行动政策。如今肯定性行动在美国大部分州仍然是合法,但也受到了限制。文章认为肯定性行动政策受到挑战是肯定性行动政策本身面临的困境,白人特权的遗留,以及新保守主义的兴起。
[Abstract]:In 1961, President Kennedy issued executive order No. 10925, mentioned the "affirmative action" first in the order. But scholars generally believe that mark in 1965 President Johnson issued executive order 11246, as affirmative action began. Affirmative action policy is promulgated by the United States government in federal contracts to minority (African American, Latino, Asian Indians) and women's tilt of the administrative order, the history of the United States to eliminate racial discrimination, to achieve racial equality. This paper argues that the affirmative action policy in 40s to 60s the rise and development cannot do without the civil rights movement; through the analysis of the development of affirmative action policy in the field of higher education this paper argues that the evolution of the end of 70s, the affirmative action policy challenge is the rise of Neo conservatism, and left white privilege. The first chapter mainly summarizes the domestic Study of policy action must rise, development and challenge of books and periodicals. The second chapter studies the historical background of certain actions, that affirmative action cannot do without the rise of the civil rights movement. The specific performance of Randolph's "march on Washington" movement, forcing President Roosevelt issued executive order No. 8802, building fair Employment Practice Committee, the Committee for the rise of the affirmative action policy has laid a good foundation for.20 in 50s is the American civil rights movement with vigour and vitality development stage, including Montgomerie events, events in Little Rock and this movement have achieved victory. The civil rights movement, have a great influence on American society, one of the most direct is to American political influence, the president had to pay attention to black issues. The third chapter is "the U.S. government's affirmative action policy", the main The president Kennedy and executive order No. 10925, Johnson "bill of rights" and executive order No. 11246, Nixon and Philadelphia. During the tenure of the three presidents, affirmative action policy has been established and developed. It is worth noting that, in this period, the civil rights movement is the establishment and development of affirmative action the policy has played a positive role. The fourth chapter is the "affirmative action policy challenges, affirmative action is constantly controversy from the introduction, that the Supreme Court began hearing its constitutionality, President Reagan to take action against affirmative action, some states to repeal affirmative action policies of affirmative action in the United States today. Most of the state is still legal, but also limits. The affirmative action policy challenge is the affirmative action policy dilemma, left white privilege, as well as new. The rise of conservation.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D771.2

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