中国刑法从业禁止制度具体适用研究

发布时间：2018-03-10 04:23

本文选题：从业禁止制度　切入点：职业限制　出处：《四川师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《刑法修正案(九)》新增从业禁止制度,即《刑法》第37条之一,旨在针对已获得职业资格或者拥有职业能力的行为人实施犯罪行为之后,仅适用刑罚很难对其再犯罪起到预防作用,同时实施的对犯罪人的职业条件予以限制或者剥夺的处分。刑法将从业禁止制度纳入非刑罚处罚法条中,但其并非传统意义上的非刑罚处罚措施,而是针对犯罪人将来再次实施本职业犯罪的可能所采取的积极预防,是具有保安处分性质的非刑罚处罚措施。从业禁止制度在刑法领域属于新的内容,在我国尚未形成一定或者系统的理论。研读从业禁止制度在国外的发展史、立法以及适用现状,寻求符合我国司法实务的一种理论模式。首先,需明确从业禁止的性质。通过理论研究,明确从业禁止的适用条件、适用方式等具体问题,以期通过适当的从业禁止适用,在降低职业类犯罪率的同时,保障犯罪人的经济基础等实际问题,有利于行为人再社会化,促进社会和平与稳定。从业禁止制度属于保安处分性质的非刑罚处罚措施,本文研究需突破传统刑法领域限于刑罚或者非刑罚处罚单一实施的情形。以犯罪人的人身危险性作为从业禁止制度适用的核心条件,在此基础上,探讨从业禁止与禁止令的关联性,以禁止令的适用为参考依据,进而为从业禁止的司法实务建立基础。明确应当由刑法调整的从业禁止的职业与由其他法律、行政法规规定的职业,并加以区分,避免司法资源的浪费,探求适用从业禁止的高危人群,有选择性、偏重性的进行预防。禁止从事的职业应与所犯罪行有关联,并且对犯罪人是否适用从业禁止的职业因素要占到一定的比重。从业禁止制度是建立在被告人有罪判决前提下,可能予以适用。判决中的刑罚可能有主刑或者附加刑,何种刑罚才可能是适用从业禁止制度的前提,以及在刑罚执行变更中对从业禁止的适用是否存在影响。管制犯不可以适用从业禁止,判处拘役、有期徒刑的犯罪人可以在判决时宣告从业禁止,判处无期徒刑、死刑缓期执行的犯罪分子在宣判时亦可以宣告从业禁止;在刑罚执行变更中可以根据已有的从业禁止做出有利于犯罪人的执行变更处分。为保障从业禁适用上的平等性,建议增设刑罚执行完毕时,从业禁止适用的裁量制度。刑法37条之一第3款对从业禁止的适用应当作何理解。从业禁止的宣告仍然由人民法院以定罪为依据决定,适用的条件依靠刑法规定,对其适用期限应适用其他法律、行政法规的规定,以确保从业禁止适用上规范化、严谨性的同时,节约司法资源。
[Abstract]:The Criminal Law Amendment (9) > adds a new system of prohibition of employment, that is, article 37 of the Criminal Law, with the aim of committing a criminal act against an actor who has acquired professional qualifications or possesses professional capacity, It is very difficult to prevent the offender from committing another crime only by applying the penalty. At the same time, the punishment that restricts or deprives the offender's professional condition. The criminal law includes the system of prohibition of employment into the article of non-penalty punishment law. However, it is not a measure of non-penal punishment in the traditional sense, but rather a positive prevention against the possibility that the offender may commit a crime of this profession again in the future, It is a non-penalty measure with the nature of security measures. The practice prohibition system is a new content in the criminal law field and has not yet formed a certain or systematic theory in our country. First of all, it is necessary to clarify the nature of the prohibition of employment. Through theoretical research, it is necessary to clarify the applicable conditions and ways of application of the prohibition of employment and other specific issues. In order to apply the prohibition through appropriate employment, reduce the crime rate in the occupational category, at the same time, to protect the economic foundation of the criminal and other practical problems, which is conducive to the re-socialization of the perpetrator, Promoting social peace and stability. Non-penal measures of the nature of security measures under the prohibition of employment system, This paper studies the need to break through the situation that the traditional criminal law is limited to the single implementation of penalty or non-penal punishment. Taking the personal danger of the offender as the core condition for the application of the prohibition system, on this basis, This paper probes into the relevance of the prohibition of employment and the prohibition order, taking the application of the prohibition order as the reference basis, and then establishing the basis for the judicial practice of the practice prohibition, and making clear the occupation that should be regulated by the criminal law and other laws, The occupations prescribed by administrative regulations, and the distinction between them, to avoid the waste of judicial resources, to seek out the high risk groups that are applicable to the prohibition of employment, to carry out prevention selectively and with particular emphasis. The prohibited occupation shall be related to the crime committed, The employment prohibition system is based on the premise of the defendant's guilty judgment and may be applied. The punishment in the judgment may have the main punishment or the supplementary punishment. What kind of penalty is the premise of the application of the prohibition system, and whether there is any influence on the application of the prohibition in the execution of penalty. The offender of fixed-term imprisonment may, at the time of judgment, proscribe his employment, and sentence him to life imprisonment. A criminal whose death sentence is suspended may also proscribe his employment at the time of sentencing. In order to ensure equality in the application of the prohibition of employment, it is recommended that additional penalties be added when the execution of the penalty is completed, in accordance with the existing prohibition on the execution of the penalty. What shall be the understanding of the application of the prohibition of employment in the third paragraph of Article 37 of the Criminal Law. The declaration of the prohibition of employment shall still be decided by the people's court on the basis of conviction, and the applicable conditions shall depend on the provisions of the criminal law, Other laws and administrative regulations should be applied to the time limit of application to ensure the standardization and preciseness of the practice prohibition and to save the judicial resources at the same time.
【学位授予单位】：四川师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D924.3

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