卫三畏与早期中美外交（1855-1876）

发布时间：2018-05-13 10:54

本文选题：卫三畏 + “宽容条款”　；参考：《四川师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：卫三畏是19世纪美国来华传教士之一。自1833年来华之后,他在中国生活了40余年,不仅仅是传教士、汉学家,也是一名外交官员。他的在华生涯大致分为两个阶段,前一阶段(1833-1854)主要负责美国公理宗海外传道部在广州布道站的印刷与出版工作。在这期间,卫三畏参与了中美《望厦条约》(1844)与日美《神奈川条约》(1854)的翻译和谈判,积累了一定的外交经验,为之后的外交生涯奠定了基础。后一阶段(1855-1876),卫三畏担任美国驻华公使馆的翻译兼秘书,直接参与中美之间的外交事务,成为影响这一时期中美外交关系的关键人物之一。第二次鸦片战争期间,他两次(1858、1859)随美国特命全权驻华委员赴天津、北京,并参与中美《天津条约》的谈判和签订。尽管没有得到驻华委员列威廉的支持,但在他的坚持要求之下,清政府最终同意在中美《天津条约》中加入宗教“宽容条款”。这一条款不仅使外国传教士,也使中国信徒脱离清政府的管辖,归于外国宗教团体的保护之下,从而使教会成为外国保护的‘国中之国’,对19世纪后半叶中外关系影响甚大。此后,美国援引最惠国待遇条款,紧随英法在北京设立了驻华公使团。卫三畏在1862-1876年间一直担任美国驻华使团的秘书兼翻译,亲自督建了驻华公使的在京住宅和秘书处,长期负责使团的翻译和秘书工作,并多次代理公使职务,累计时间超过4年,对于美国驻华使团的维持和运转都起着重要作用。在代理公使期间,卫三畏处理的最具代表性的事件便是白齐文一案。为了中美之间的友好关系,卫三畏主张将白齐文交予清政府审判。美国驻上海总领事西华以及大多数外国人却认为根据领事裁判权的规定,清政府无权审判白齐文,必须交由美国领事审判。不过在白齐文遇难以及卫三畏本人遭到舆论批评后,他的态度又有了较大的转变。卫三畏身兼传教士、汉学家、外交官等多重身份,这使得他对此案持持有复杂的态度。卫三畏的外交经历在一定程度上反映了19世纪美国的在华传教士与外交官之间的密切关系。虽然他如此持久而又密切参与了这一时期的中美事务,但美国非职业的驻华外事机构和制度既给了卫三畏进入外交领域的机遇,也限制了他上升的可能,使他得以传教士的身份进入外交领域,却只能以翻译兼秘书的身份结束二十余年的外交生涯。
[Abstract]:Wei Sanwei was one of the American missionaries to China in the 19 th century. He has lived in China for more than 40 years since his arrival in 1833, not only as a missionary, Sinologist, but also as a diplomatic official. His career in China was divided into two stages, the former one was mainly responsible for the printing and publishing of American axiomatic missions overseas at the Guangzhou sermon station. During this period, Wei participated in the translation and negotiation between the Sino-American Treaty of Wangxia (1844) and the Japanese-US Treaty of Kanagawa (1854), accumulated certain diplomatic experience and laid a foundation for the diplomatic career. In the latter stage, Wei Sanwei served as the translation and secretary of the American Embassy in China and directly participated in the diplomatic affairs between China and the United States, and became one of the key figures influencing the Sino-American diplomatic relations in this period. During the second Opium War, he went to Tianjin, Beijing with the United States extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Beijing, and participated in the negotiation and signing of the Sino-American Treaty of Tianjin. Although he did not support William, the Qing government finally agreed to add religious "tolerance clauses" to the Sino-American Treaty of Tianjin. This clause not only makes foreign missionaries, but also Chinese believers out of the jurisdiction of the Qing government, and falls under the protection of foreign religious groups, thus making the church become a country of foreign protection, which has a great impact on Sino-foreign relations in the second half of the 19th century. Since then, the United States invoked the MFN clause, followed by Britain and France in Beijing to set up a delegation of ministers to China. During the period from 1862 to 1876, Wei Sanwei served as secretary and interpreter of the US Mission to China, and personally supervised and established the residence and secretariat of the Minister of China in Beijing. He was responsible for the translation and secretarial work of the mission for a long time, and acted as minister for many times, with a cumulative time of more than four years. It plays an important role in the maintenance and operation of American missions to China. During the acting Minister period, the most representative event handled by Wei San Fu was the case of Bai Qi Wen. For the sake of friendly relations between China and the United States, Wei Sanshou advocated that Bai Qiwen be put before the Qing government for trial. Xi Hua, the US consul general in Shanghai, and most foreigners believed that according to the consular jurisdiction, the Qing government had no right to try Bai Qiwen, and had to be tried by the American consul. However, after Bai Qiwen's death and Wei Sanwei himself was criticized by public opinion, his attitude changed greatly. Wei's multiple identities as a missionary, Sinologist, diplomat, etc., make his attitude to the case complicated. Wei's diplomatic experience reflects to some extent the close relationship between American missionaries and diplomats in China in the 19 th century. Although he was so long and closely involved in the affairs of China and the United States during this period, the non-professional foreign affairs institutions and institutions of the United States in China have not only given Wei Sanshang the opportunity to enter the diplomatic field, but also limited the possibility of his rise. It enabled him to enter the diplomatic field as a missionary, but only as a translator and secretary ended his twenty-year diplomatic career.
【学位授予单位】：四川师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D829.712;K252

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