马克思主义视域下我国网络民粹主义研究

发布时间：2018-01-08 00:05

  本文关键词：马克思主义视域下我国网络民粹主义研究　出处：《新疆大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 马克思主义 民粹主义 网络 精英阶层 底层民众

【摘要】：以互联网为核心的信息革命极大地改变着人类传统的生活方式、思维方式和行为方式。随着网络软、硬件技术不断升级换代,网民人数也急剧增加,据中国互联网络中心统计报告显示,1997年我国上网用户数仅为62万人,截至2015年12月,中国网民规模达6.88亿,中国手机网民规模达6.20亿。如此庞大的网络用户让社会思潮在网络上的传播也出现了前所未有的发展态势。可以说,互联网的触角已经延伸到社会各个角落,网络成为各种思潮、利益诉求的集散地和意识形态的较量场。特别是网络的开放性、匿名性、分散性、快捷性等特点,极大地拓宽了普通人卷入社会思潮的通道,也极大地释放了个体能量,包括博客、微博、社交网站以及微信、QQ等即时聊天工具在内的“自媒体”,更是让个人获得了前所未有的话语权。而网络上话语权的争夺则成为民粹主义的一个典型特征。尤其是当前在底层群众中引发的严重失衡的社会心态,日益焦虑的社会情绪,不断升级的社会矛盾,扭曲的社会价值准则,使“仇富”与“仇官”成为一种普遍的社会心理。网络为民粹主义的情绪发泄制造新情况。可以说,民粹主义在网络的催化下,与现实社会中的民粹主义相互融合,形成一种虚拟与现实相互转换的新态势。从本质上来说,网络民粹主义还不能称之为成熟的、系统化的具有完备体系的社会思潮,它更多意义上是依托于互联网等现代技术,由社会转型和媒体变革所诱发的蔓延于网络舆论中,以中青年网民为代表的,在价值诉求上具有平等、公平、反抗压迫等合理因素,而在根底上带有偏执的反精英、反权威、反智倾向;思维方式上带有更为极端的草根性、更为直接的参与性、更为强烈的批判性和更为复杂的非理性特征的一种社会情绪、心理反应,是一种立场、态度或行为。网络民粹主义和民粹主义之间是一种相互联系又相互区别,同时在虚拟和现实之间相互转换的关系,简单来说两者是一种网上和网下的关系。网络民粹主义是民粹主义在网络上的延伸和发展。民粹主义是网络民粹主义的现实基础。网络民粹主义的情绪也会随着网民的传播蔓延到现实社会中,而民粹主义的基本价值诉求即人民至上、反对权威和精英、直接参与也同样在网络上被不断放大。因此,本论文在网络民粹主义与民粹主义关系的研究基础之上,首先探索了马克思主义与民粹主义的关系,马克思主义经典作家对民粹主义持有一种辩证地批判并积极吸收其合理内核的态度,本论文的研究也正是遵循和借鉴马克思主义的基本态度和基本原则,针对网络民粹主义产生的具体语境在复杂的社会环境中,对网络民粹主义在我国的勃兴进行了探索和研究。其次,重点梳理了网络民粹主义的兴起与发展历程,从其载体、主体、客体、引导者来归纳网络民粹主义的本质特征和价值诉求,即以网络为平台,以直接参与、直接民主为表象,建构人民这个“平民主体”,然后以话语强占与垄断的语言形式,和二元对立的敌我思维方式,以群体非理性的行为方式反对精英,消解权威;从社会情绪的宣泄方式和社会立场的表达方式探析其表现形态,并结合网络舆论传播模型及个案来验证网络民粹主义的本质特征,归纳网络民粹主义的发生机制。以马克思主义辩证唯物主义的观点阐明网络民粹主义对现实社会的积极作用、直接危害和负面影响。最后,结合网络民粹主义与民粹主义的网上——网下关系,首先从网上技术特性、社会心理因素和网下社会阶层分化,分析网络民粹主义勃兴的因素。其次是针对影响因素,由我国社会主义核心价值观来引领网络民粹主义的基本价值诉求,在网上构建生态型网络社会,在网下调整当代社会阶层结构,以实现网络民粹主义的疏导和治理。文章以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义作为研究的根本方法,结合定性分析法和个案分析法作为主要研究方法,虚拟和现实相结合、传统资源与网络资源相结合的方法,以及综合传播学、心理学、社会学等多学科的分析方法,对网络民粹主义进行综合性的探析。同时从动态的角度考察民粹主义在网络和现实中相互作用的规律。文章的创新之处在于以马克思主义经典作家对俄国民粹主义“辩证地批判地吸收其合理内核”的基本态度探析网络民粹主义;同时以网络传播理论模型结合个案归纳民粹主义在网络上的发生机制;并结合现代社会分层理论,分析网络民粹主义在经济转型期,社会利益分化的背景中,产生的“精英阶层—中间阶层—社会底层”这种阶层模式是引发网络民粹主义的根本原因。文章的难点在于对民粹主义和网络民粹主义概念及其相互关系的把握,民粹主义的内涵自始至终也没有一个统一的定义,并且由于它自身的依附性和不确定性,再加之网络本身就是一把双刃剑,网络民粹主义的内涵及其与民粹主义的关系就更难把握了,所以本论文依然采取从现象到本质特征的抽象概括,考察网络民粹主义的兴起与发展。在经过理论与实践的分析之后,我们可以得出这样的一个结论:总体上看,我国网络民粹主义没有形成系统的理论和思想体系,也没有形成有组织的派别,网络民粹主义也没有鲜明的价值诉求和行动纲领。它更多地体现为网民在网络上带有民粹主义思想倾向的一种情绪的宣泄、一种底层立场的表达和一种群体极化的行为方式。在其表现的过程中,也很难单独实现,一般是通过网络舆论的形式表达自我诉求,或者与其他主义相结合,才有可能从网络舆论转化为现实的社会动员力量。这种网络民粹主义并不是社会的主流社会思潮,虽然其表现出的情绪和观念仍有一定市场,但相对于马克思主义来说,它居于思想的次要地位。但是这种思想潜流仍需网民提高警惕,以免其引发新的社会运动。因此,我们要结合我国实际,对网络民粹主义要高度重视,同时要正视网络本身的双面效应,既要吸取其合理的一面弘扬正能量,又要合理管控网络,以社会主义核心价值观引领和疏导网络民粹主义,防止民粹情绪的极端化、简单化、扩大化,从而建立一个健康的生态型网络社会。
[Abstract]:The Internet as the core of the information revolution has greatly changed people's traditional way of life, way of thinking and behavior. With the network software and hardware technology, constantly upgrading, the number of Internet users has increased dramatically, according to Chinese Internet Center statistics show that in 1997 the number of Internet users in China is only 620 thousand people, as of December 2015, Internet users China the size of up to 688 million, China mobile phone users reached 620 million. Such a large network of users to make social thoughts spread in the network also appeared the development trend of hitherto unknown. We can say that the Internet has extended by extending to every corner of the society, the network has become all kinds of thoughts, battle field interests distribution and especially the ideology. Network openness, anonymity, dispersion, characteristic of efficiency, greatly expanded the ordinary people involved in social thought channel, also greatly release the individual Energy, including blogs, social networking sites and micro-blog, WeChat, QQ and other instant messaging tools, "media", is to let the person to have hitherto unknown discourse. And the network compete for the right to speak has become a typical feature of populism. Especially the serious imbalance current caused in the bottom layer of the masses social mentality, social emotional anxiety is growing, constantly upgrading the social contradictions, distorted social values, the "hatred" and "hatred" has become a common social psychology. The new situation for the network manufacturing populist mood abreacts conditions. It can be said that the network populism in the presence of mutual integration and social reality the populism, the formation of a new trend of virtual reality and mutual conversion. In essence, the network populism also can not be called mature, with a complete system of system of social thought, it More significance is relying on the Internet and other modern technology, caused by social transformation and reform of the media spread in the network of public opinion, to young netizens as the representative, in the pursuit of value with equality, fairness, oppression and reasonable factors, and in the foundation with paranoid anti elite, anti authority, anti intellectualism the way of thinking tendency; with more grassroots extreme, more direct participation, a social mood, more critical and more complex irrational psychological reactions, is a kind of position, attitude or behavior. It is a mutual relationship between network populism and populism and different from each other at the same time, the relationship between mutual conversion between virtual and reality, it is a kind of simple both online and offline. The network populism is the extension and development of populism in the network. The network populism is populism Reality meaning. The network populist mood also with netizens spread to the real society, and the basic value of populism that people first, against the authority and the elite, but also directly involved in the network is constantly enlarged. Therefore, this thesis based on the research of network populism and populist relations, first of all to explore the relationship between Marx and the nationalists, Marx and Engels hold a dialectical criticism and actively absorb the rational kernel of populist attitude, the research of this thesis is to follow the basic attitude and learn from the Marx doctrine and the basic principle, according to the specific context of network populism in the complex social environment, the the exploration and research of network populism in China's emergence. Secondly, it focus on the rise and development of network populism The course, from the carrier, subject, object, nature and value guide to summarize the network populism, which is based on the network platform, to directly participate in, as the representation of direct democracy, the construction of people's "civilian subject", and then to occupy the discourse and the monopoly of the language form, and the two opposite ways of thinking between ourselves and the enemy as a group, irrational behavior against the elite, from the expression of the elimination of authority; social emotional catharsis and social position of the forms, characteristics and combined with the network public opinion propagation model and case to verify the network populism, occurrence mechanism of inductive network populism. The Marx doctrine of dialectical materialism to clarify the positive role of network populism of social reality, direct damage and negative effects. Finally, combined with the network populism and populist Online - net relationship, First of all from the Internet technical characteristics, social psychological factors and network social stratification, factor analysis of network populism flourishing. Second is the basic value of the factors, to lead the network populism by China's socialist core values, build the ecological social network on the Internet, the adjustment of contemporary social class structure in the network, to network populism and governance. The basic method of counseling research to dialectical materialism and historical materialism as the combination of qualitative analysis and case analysis method as the main research methods, and the combination of virtual reality, the traditional method of combining resources and cyber source, and integrated communication, psychology, sociology and other analysis methods a multidisciplinary, comprehensive analysis of the network populism. At the same time from the dynamic perspective of populism in the network and reality interaction With the law. The innovation of this article is to classical writer Marx on the basic attitude of the network populism of Russian Populism "dialectical critically absorbing the reasonable core; the mechanism and network communication theory model based on the network populism case summed up; and combined with the modern theory of social stratification, analysis of network populism in economic transition during the differentiation of the social interests in the background of the" elite class, the middle class - this class at the bottom of society "mode is the root cause of network populism. The difficulty lies on the concept of network populism and the relationship between populism and grasp the connotation of populism from first to last does not have a unified definition, and as a result of attachment and the uncertainty of its own, coupled with the network itself is a double-edged sword, Luo Min The connotation of pure doctrine and its relationship with populism is more difficult to grasp, so this paper still adopts abstraction from phenomenon to essence, examines the rise and development of network populism. After the analysis of theory and practice, we can draw such a conclusion: on the whole, China's network populism not the formation of theory and ideological system, nor the formation of organized factions, there is no value of network populism and programme of action distinct. It embodied a kind of emotion on the Internet with the populist ideological tendency of catharsis, the expression of a bottom stand and a group polarization behavior in. The performance of the process, it is difficult to achieve alone, is generally expressed oneself through the network of public opinion in the form, or in combination with other, can from the network The power of public opinion into the reality of social mobilization. This is not the mainstream of social network populist social thought, although the show emotions and ideas still have a certain market, but compared to the Marx doctrine, it is thought of the secondary position. But the thought undercurrent still need users vigilant, lest it trigger a new social movement. Therefore, we should combine the reality of our country, should attach great importance to the network at the same time to double face effect of populism, the network itself, it is necessary to draw the reasonable side to promote positive energy, and reasonable control of the network, leading and grooming network populism to the socialist core values, to prevent extreme, populist sentiment simplistic, expand thus, the establishment of a healthy ecological network society.

【学位授予单位】：新疆大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G206;C912.67
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本文编号：1394781