苹果纺锤形改造为主干形的技术与效果
发布时间：2018-12-18 18:05
【摘要】：本研究以第一师六团8年生苹果为试验材料,总结苹果纺锤形改造为主干形的技术,研究了主干形和纺锤形两种树形冠层结构特性、叶片生理特性、光照强度和果实品质间的差异,研究结果如下:(1)苹果纺锤形树形改造为主干形主要技术要点:将纺锤形中心干上所有枝条疏除,保留强壮中心干;春季刻芽、涂抹发枝素促进隐芽萌发抽生新梢;选择位置适当、生长势中庸的50个枝条,均匀分布在中心干,枝条生长50cm左右时摘心,侧芽涂抹发枝素、刻芽,促发新梢,形成小主枝;5月底用开角器开张小主枝角度,开张角度100-120°;小主枝隔15cm环割2-3道,达到控制树冠、促进花芽形成的目的。(2)改造后主干形树形树体冠层结构:树高3.2m左右,冠幅1.9×1.7m,比纺锤形冠幅缩小56.08%;枝量27-46万/hm2,长中短枝的比例为52:69:99,中短枝占全树枝量的76.36%,比纺锤形提高了25.76%;枝条开张角度100-120°,开张角度增大了40°,树体结构开张,长中短枝生长势均衡都能形成花芽并结果;枝条均匀分布于中心干,树冠结构合理。(3)主干形和纺锤形树冠光照强度日变化呈单峰曲线,各部位光照强度差异明显。改造后主干形冠层光照强度上层比中层强了37.51%,中层比下层强了19.07%;树冠外部光照强度是内部6.70倍。在相同冠层内,由上至下主干形光照强度分别比纺锤形高了1.71倍、2.17倍、4.39倍,树形改造明显改善了光照环境,尤其使下部光照条件得到明显改善。(4)由于光照的改善,进一步改善了果实品质。改造后主干形果实品质存在较大差异,主干形果实外观品质高于纺锤形,果实着色指数高于纺锤形,单果重283.60g比纺锤形高了14.97%,果实横径比纺锤形高了9.25%;内在品质差异不显著。通过树形改造,改善了果实外观品质。(5)改造后主干形苹果产量:主干形不同冠层(从上至下)结果数量比为40:36:33单株结果数量110个比纺锤形高了25.00%;单株产量31.48kg比纺锤形高了45.00%,单位面积产量3462.76kg/666.7m2,比纺锤形高了44.38%,主干形明显提高产量,达到了丰产的效果。综上所述:主干形的光照分布、果实产量和品质都优于纺锤形。说明通过树形改造达到了改善光照、果实品质和提高产量的效果,主干形树形效果更好,值得推广。
[Abstract]:In this study, we summarized the technology of apple spindle shape transformation into main shape, studied the structure characteristics of tree canopy and leaf physiological characteristics of two kinds of tree shape, which were the 6th regiment apple of the first division as the experimental material, and summarized the technology of the apple spindle shape transformation into the main shape. The differences between light intensity and fruit quality are as follows: (1) the main technical points of apple spindle tree transformation into main stem are as follows: remove all branches from spindle-shaped center stem and retain strong central stem; Spring bud engraving, smear the hair branch element to promote the hidden bud germination and sprout new shoot; The 50 branches with proper position and moderate growth potential were evenly distributed in the central stem. When the branches were growing 50cm or so, they were taken heart, and the lateral buds were smeared with hairline, carved buds, promoted new shoots, and formed small main branches. At the end of May, the opening angle of the main branch was 100-120 掳. In order to control the crown and promote flower bud formation, the main branch was cut 2-3 channels by 15cm. (2) the canopy structure of the main trunk tree was about 3.2 m in height and 1.9 脳 1.7 m in width, which was 56.08 times smaller than that of the spindle crown. The ratio of short branch to short branch is 52: 69: 99, and the ratio of short branch to whole branch is 76.36%, which is 25.76% higher than that of spindles. The opening angle of branches is 100-120 掳, the opening angle is increased 40 掳, the tree structure is open, and the growth potential of long, medium and short branches can all be balanced to form flower buds and bear fruit. (3) the diurnal variation of the light intensity of the trunk and spindle crown showed a single peak curve, and the light intensity of different parts varied obviously. The light intensity in the upper layer was 37.51 times stronger than that in the middle layer, and 19.07 in the middle layer and 6.70 times in the outer part of the tree crown. In the same canopy, the light intensity of trunk shape from top to bottom was 1.71 times, 2.17 times and 4.39 times higher than that of spindle, respectively. Especially, the light condition of the lower part was improved obviously. (4) the fruit quality was further improved because of the improvement of light. There was great difference in the quality of the main shape fruit after transformation. The appearance quality of the main shape fruit was higher than that of the spindle shape, the fruit coloring index was higher than that of the spindle shape, the fruit weight of 283.60 g was higher than that of the spindle shape, and the diameter of the fruit was 9.25% higher than that of the spindle shape. There was no significant difference in internal quality. The fruit appearance quality was improved by tree shape transformation. (5) the yield of main stem apple: the number of fruit of different canopy (from top to bottom) was 25.00 higher than that of 40:36:33. The yield of 31.48kg per plant was 45.00 higher than that of spindles, and the yield per unit area was 3462.76kg / 666.7m2, which was 44.38% higher than that of spindle-shaped. The trunk shape obviously increased the yield and achieved the effect of high yield. To sum up, the light distribution of trunk shape, fruit yield and quality were superior to spindle shape. The results showed that the effect of improving light, fruit quality and yield was improved by tree shape transformation, and the effect of main tree shape was better, which was worth popularizing.
【学位授予单位】：塔里木大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S661.1
本文编号：2386268
[Abstract]:In this study, we summarized the technology of apple spindle shape transformation into main shape, studied the structure characteristics of tree canopy and leaf physiological characteristics of two kinds of tree shape, which were the 6th regiment apple of the first division as the experimental material, and summarized the technology of the apple spindle shape transformation into the main shape. The differences between light intensity and fruit quality are as follows: (1) the main technical points of apple spindle tree transformation into main stem are as follows: remove all branches from spindle-shaped center stem and retain strong central stem; Spring bud engraving, smear the hair branch element to promote the hidden bud germination and sprout new shoot; The 50 branches with proper position and moderate growth potential were evenly distributed in the central stem. When the branches were growing 50cm or so, they were taken heart, and the lateral buds were smeared with hairline, carved buds, promoted new shoots, and formed small main branches. At the end of May, the opening angle of the main branch was 100-120 掳. In order to control the crown and promote flower bud formation, the main branch was cut 2-3 channels by 15cm. (2) the canopy structure of the main trunk tree was about 3.2 m in height and 1.9 脳 1.7 m in width, which was 56.08 times smaller than that of the spindle crown. The ratio of short branch to short branch is 52: 69: 99, and the ratio of short branch to whole branch is 76.36%, which is 25.76% higher than that of spindles. The opening angle of branches is 100-120 掳, the opening angle is increased 40 掳, the tree structure is open, and the growth potential of long, medium and short branches can all be balanced to form flower buds and bear fruit. (3) the diurnal variation of the light intensity of the trunk and spindle crown showed a single peak curve, and the light intensity of different parts varied obviously. The light intensity in the upper layer was 37.51 times stronger than that in the middle layer, and 19.07 in the middle layer and 6.70 times in the outer part of the tree crown. In the same canopy, the light intensity of trunk shape from top to bottom was 1.71 times, 2.17 times and 4.39 times higher than that of spindle, respectively. Especially, the light condition of the lower part was improved obviously. (4) the fruit quality was further improved because of the improvement of light. There was great difference in the quality of the main shape fruit after transformation. The appearance quality of the main shape fruit was higher than that of the spindle shape, the fruit coloring index was higher than that of the spindle shape, the fruit weight of 283.60 g was higher than that of the spindle shape, and the diameter of the fruit was 9.25% higher than that of the spindle shape. There was no significant difference in internal quality. The fruit appearance quality was improved by tree shape transformation. (5) the yield of main stem apple: the number of fruit of different canopy (from top to bottom) was 25.00 higher than that of 40:36:33. The yield of 31.48kg per plant was 45.00 higher than that of spindles, and the yield per unit area was 3462.76kg / 666.7m2, which was 44.38% higher than that of spindle-shaped. The trunk shape obviously increased the yield and achieved the effect of high yield. To sum up, the light distribution of trunk shape, fruit yield and quality were superior to spindle shape. The results showed that the effect of improving light, fruit quality and yield was improved by tree shape transformation, and the effect of main tree shape was better, which was worth popularizing.
【学位授予单位】：塔里木大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S661.1
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