氮肥运筹对玉米生长发育及氮代谢的影响
发布时间：2019-05-22 20:20
【摘要】：氮是植物必需的营养元素,是影响玉米单产重要的养分限制因子,但近年来过量施氮的现象普遍存在,不仅使经济效益减低,还会造成农业环境污染。因此合理的氮肥运筹是玉米高产稳产的重要保证。本研究以辽西北大面积种植的玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,通过9种不同的氮肥运筹模式对玉米生长发育、生理代谢和产量的影响,揭示该地区玉米高产性能特征,确立玉米高效节本的施氮模式,为当地玉米栽培提供理论基础和技术参考。结果总结如下:1.施氮量和施氮方式的不同均会对玉米根系带来影响,适量的氮肥能够促进玉米根长、根系表面积、根体积、根干重和根系活力的增加,但过量施氮不利于根系生长发育;分期施氮和施用控释氮肥的根系相关指标均在玉米生育后期均处于较高水平,说明分期施氮和施用控释氮肥能够促进根系在生育后期的生长发育。2.氮肥分施有利于玉米干物质的积累,促进光合产物向叶和茎中分配;控释氮肥则有利于茎和鞘中的有机物向籽粒转运;在玉米生育后期T6处理(N 241.5 kg·hm~(-2),20%N基肥和口肥,60%N拔节中期追施,20%N大喇叭口追施)和T9处理(缓释N 241.5kg·hm~(-2) 15cm深施)的玉米各部分的氮素积累量和转运量均处于较高水平。3.分施氮肥和施用控释氮肥有利于玉米的氮素吸收、积累和转运,分施氮肥对叶片和茎中的氮素向籽粒转运的促进作用更为明显;分施氮肥和施用控释氮肥能显著提高玉米生育后期硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性;不同氮肥运筹方式对玉米叶片光合代谢和抗氧化系统酶活性存在差异,分期施氮和施用控释氮肥的光合相关指标和抗氧化系统酶活性在抽雄开花期和灌浆期均处于较高水平。4.施氮能够使玉米穗粒数和百粒重增加,分期施氮和施用控释氮肥的促进作用更明显;本试验结果表明:T6处理(N241.5kg·hm~(-2) 20%N基肥和口肥,60%N拔节中期追施,20%N大喇叭口追施)的产量最高,达到了12913.47kg·hm·2,比对照T2高38.41%,T9处理(缓释N241.5kg·hm~(-2),15cm深施)次之,比对照高32.96%;相关分析表明,这两个处理产量高于对照的原因是因为根系生长发育较好,光合能力较强,氮代谢酶活性较强,抗氧化能力强;T6处理的经济效益最高。
[Abstract]:Nitrogen is a necessary nutrient element for plants and an important nutrient limiting factor affecting corn yield. However, the phenomenon of excessive nitrogen application is widespread in recent years, which not only reduces the economic benefits, but also causes agricultural environmental pollution. Therefore, reasonable nitrogen fertilizer application is an important guarantee for high and stable yield of corn. In this study, Zhengdan 958, a large area corn variety planted in northwest Liaoning, was used as the experimental material to reveal the characteristics of high yield performance of corn in this area through the effects of nine different nitrogen fertilizer operation models on the growth, physiological metabolism and yield of corn. The nitrogen application model of high efficiency and cost saving of corn was established, which provided theoretical basis and technical reference for local corn cultivation. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The difference of nitrogen application rate and nitrogen application method will have an effect on the root system of corn. Proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer can promote the increase of root length, root surface area, root volume, root dry weight and root activity, but excessive application of nitrogen is not conducive to root growth and development. The root related indexes of phased nitrogen application and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer were at a high level at the late growth stage of corn, which indicated that phased application of nitrogen and application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could promote the growth and development of roots at the late growth stage. 2. The application of nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and the distribution of photosynthetic products to leaves and stems, while the controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the transport of organic matter from stem and sheath to grain. In the late growth stage of corn, T6 treatment (N 241.5 kg 路hm ~ (- 2), 20% N base fertilizer and mouth fertilizer, 60% N topdressing, The nitrogen accumulation and transport of each part of corn treated with 20% N horn mouth topdressing and T9 treatment (slow release N 241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2) 15cm) were at a high level. The application of nitrogen fertilizer and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the absorption, accumulation and transport of nitrogen in corn, and the effect of nitrogen application on nitrogen transport from leaf and stem to grain was more obvious. The combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase in the late growth stage of corn (Zea Mays L.). There were differences in photosynthetic metabolism and antioxidant system enzyme activities among different nitrogen fertilizer application methods. The photosynthetic related indexes and antioxidant system enzyme activity of phased nitrogen application and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer were at a high level at flowering stage and filling stage. Nitrogen application could increase the number of grains per ear and 100-grain weight, and the promotion effect of nitrogen application and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer was more obvious. The results showed that the yield of T6 treatment (N241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2) 20% N base fertilizer and mouth fertilizer, 60% N topdressing, 20% N trumpet topdressing) was the highest, reaching 12913.47kg 路hm 路2, 38.41% higher than that of the control T2. T9 treatment (sustained release N241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2), 15cm deep application) was the second, which was 32. 96% higher than that of the control. The correlation analysis showed that the yield of the two treatments was higher than that of the control because of good root growth and development, strong photosynthetic capacity, strong nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity and strong antioxidant capacity, and T6 treatment had the highest economic benefit.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S513
，
本文编号：2483227
[Abstract]:Nitrogen is a necessary nutrient element for plants and an important nutrient limiting factor affecting corn yield. However, the phenomenon of excessive nitrogen application is widespread in recent years, which not only reduces the economic benefits, but also causes agricultural environmental pollution. Therefore, reasonable nitrogen fertilizer application is an important guarantee for high and stable yield of corn. In this study, Zhengdan 958, a large area corn variety planted in northwest Liaoning, was used as the experimental material to reveal the characteristics of high yield performance of corn in this area through the effects of nine different nitrogen fertilizer operation models on the growth, physiological metabolism and yield of corn. The nitrogen application model of high efficiency and cost saving of corn was established, which provided theoretical basis and technical reference for local corn cultivation. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The difference of nitrogen application rate and nitrogen application method will have an effect on the root system of corn. Proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer can promote the increase of root length, root surface area, root volume, root dry weight and root activity, but excessive application of nitrogen is not conducive to root growth and development. The root related indexes of phased nitrogen application and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer were at a high level at the late growth stage of corn, which indicated that phased application of nitrogen and application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could promote the growth and development of roots at the late growth stage. 2. The application of nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and the distribution of photosynthetic products to leaves and stems, while the controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the transport of organic matter from stem and sheath to grain. In the late growth stage of corn, T6 treatment (N 241.5 kg 路hm ~ (- 2), 20% N base fertilizer and mouth fertilizer, 60% N topdressing, The nitrogen accumulation and transport of each part of corn treated with 20% N horn mouth topdressing and T9 treatment (slow release N 241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2) 15cm) were at a high level. The application of nitrogen fertilizer and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the absorption, accumulation and transport of nitrogen in corn, and the effect of nitrogen application on nitrogen transport from leaf and stem to grain was more obvious. The combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase in the late growth stage of corn (Zea Mays L.). There were differences in photosynthetic metabolism and antioxidant system enzyme activities among different nitrogen fertilizer application methods. The photosynthetic related indexes and antioxidant system enzyme activity of phased nitrogen application and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer were at a high level at flowering stage and filling stage. Nitrogen application could increase the number of grains per ear and 100-grain weight, and the promotion effect of nitrogen application and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer was more obvious. The results showed that the yield of T6 treatment (N241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2) 20% N base fertilizer and mouth fertilizer, 60% N topdressing, 20% N trumpet topdressing) was the highest, reaching 12913.47kg 路hm 路2, 38.41% higher than that of the control T2. T9 treatment (sustained release N241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2), 15cm deep application) was the second, which was 32. 96% higher than that of the control. The correlation analysis showed that the yield of the two treatments was higher than that of the control because of good root growth and development, strong photosynthetic capacity, strong nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity and strong antioxidant capacity, and T6 treatment had the highest economic benefit.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S513
，
本文编号：2483227
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