公共理性视域中的公民意识研究

发布时间：2019-01-14 13:59

【摘要】：从人类共同体的演进过程来看,公民意识是现代商品经济运行形态中公民个体解放的产物。在社会资源配置方式以及人类交往实践的革命性变迁中,政治共同体中的个体在主体资格方面逐渐摆脱了“被国家吞没”的命运,个性解放以及主体自由的确认使公民获得了前所未有的独立性,公民的内涵也因此得以衍生——对普遍的平等和自由的呼唤、对人的尊严和价值的强调、权利和契约理念的发现以及公民社会概念的出现都可以看做是公民内涵在人们头脑中所形成的观念性架构。不仅如此,在现代政治实践中,工业文明下的共同体生活在给人们带来巨大物质财富的同时也引起了社会的迅速分化,形式统一的组织化模式并未能阻挡个体对不同生活模式、行为模式及价值目标的追求,公民的主体观念和自我意识的迅速膨胀不断瓦解着工业化进程中对共同体的认同文化。但人的社会属性以及现有社会生产条件下个体理性能力发展的非完善性都使得“自我”与他人之间的社会合作仍然必要且可能,而作为与公民这一政治存在相对应的实践理性,公民意识无疑扮演着对公民的独立性主体资格进行规范的角色。一方面,公民意识形塑着理性、平等和自由的价值观念；另一方面,它还必须肩负着塑造公民的公共精神和社会责任感的重任。这样一来,公民意识的内在张力便使公民同侪必须学会以互惠性的方式实现“个体地结合”。公共理性的理念和理想是基于现代民主社会中理性多元论的事实而提出的,它既尊重由社会利益分化而引起的各种合理性完备性学说同时又依系于后者才能达成普遍的“重叠共识”。对公共利益、公共领域、公共精神、公共责任以及公共行动的特殊要求使公共理性这一政治价值目标在建构一种公平合作的社会体系时能够得到理性而合理的公民同侪的支持,而这些要求恰恰也构成了现代政治共同体对公民个体的合理期待。在现代社会,公民意识与公共理性间耦合性关系的发掘不仅可以重新凝聚起人类共同体进化的动力而且还有力地充实了公民意识的内容。就处于社会加速转型期的中国而言,公民意识的发育同样面临着由传统伦理精神向现代价值规约转化困顿。社会的加速分化与分层带来了不同群体的价值分歧,公民与国家、自我与他者之间究竟应该保持着何种关系才能维持共同体中的共存状态呢?答案似乎是无限的。在市场经济体制下个体理性所建构的道德世界中,公民意识似乎变成了一道“罗生门”——充斥着各种相对性的价值准则。因此,只有以公共理性这一政治价值为皈依并从公民文化的构建、公民教育的转型以及公民参与的有序开展为路径才能有效地化解多元与分歧所引起的冲突并最终使人们摆脱“判断的负担”。
[Abstract]:From the perspective of the evolution of the human community, the citizen consciousness is the product of individual liberation in the running form of modern commodity economy. In the revolutionary changes of social resources allocation and the practice of human communication, the individuals in the political community gradually got rid of the fate of being engulfed by the state in terms of subject qualification. The emancipation of personality and the recognition of the freedom of the subject have given citizens unprecedented independence, giving rise to the connotation of citizens-the call for universal equality and freedom, and the emphasis on the dignity and worth of the human person, The discovery of the concept of right and contract and the emergence of the concept of civil society can be seen as the conceptual framework formed by the connotation of citizen in people's minds. Moreover, in the modern political practice, the community life under the industrial civilization not only brought great material wealth to people, but also caused the rapid division of society. The pursuit of behavior mode and value goal, the rapid expansion of citizen's subjective concept and self-consciousness are unravelling the identity culture of the community in the process of industrialization. However, the social attributes of human beings and the imperfection of the development of individual rational ability under the existing social production conditions make the social cooperation between "self" and others necessary and possible, and as a practical reason corresponding to the political existence of the citizen. Citizen consciousness undoubtedly plays the role of regulating citizen's independent subject qualification. On the one hand, civic consciousness shapes the values of rationality, equality and freedom; on the other hand, it must shoulder the responsibility of shaping citizens' public spirit and social responsibility. In this way, the internal tension of civic consciousness makes it necessary for citizens to learn to "integrate individually" in a mutually beneficial manner. The idea and ideal of public rationality are based on the fact that rational pluralism is in modern democratic society. It not only respects the various theories of rationality and completeness caused by the differentiation of social interests, but also depends on the latter to reach a universal "overlapping consensus". The special demands on public interest, public sphere, public spirit, public responsibility and public action enable the political value goal of public rationality to be supported by rational and reasonable civil peers in the construction of a fair and cooperative social system. These requirements also constitute the reasonable expectation of the modern political community to the individual citizen. In modern society, the exploration of the coupling relationship between citizen consciousness and public rationality can not only reunite the motive force of the evolution of human community, but also enrich the content of citizen consciousness. As far as China is concerned, the development of citizen consciousness also faces the difficulty of transforming from the traditional ethical spirit to the modern value regulation. The accelerating division and stratification of society bring different groups of different values. What kind of relationship should be maintained between the citizen and the state, the self and the other to maintain the coexistence in the community? The answer seems infinite. In the moral world constructed by individual rationality under the market economy system, civic consciousness seems to become a "Luo Shengmen"-full of various relative value criteria. Therefore, only with the political value of public rationality as conversion and from the construction of civic culture, The transition of civic education and the orderly development of citizen participation can effectively resolve the conflicts caused by pluralism and differences and finally make people get rid of the burden of judgment.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D64

【参考文献】