基于目的论的新闻翻译中译者主体性研究

Chapter I Introduction

1.1 Research Significance
The  study  of  traditional  translation  rests  on  the  criteria  of  literary  translation criticism of the "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance". Since the "cultural turn" in western translation studies from the 1970s, translators' invisibility and the concept of subjectivity provides a new perspective for translation studies, scholars have a more in-depth mining of the manipulator behind translation and that is the translator. The role of the translator in translation began to really get the attention of people, the translator broke away from the status of marginalized cultural step by step, translation subject research,  especially  the  study  of  translators'  subjectivity,  received  the  attention  they deserve, and has gradually gone deeper. On the other hand, researches on news translation are qualified and hardly can the translators find some proper theories to be put into use. It is thought that Skopos theory is no doubt a practicable one to be applied to and direct news translation. The Skopos theory  can  shorten  the  distance  between  news  translation  and  the  former  formed equivalence-based translation standard. This essay applies the Skopos theory into news translation researches and endeavors to prove the possibility and feasibility of the theory in directing news translation to enlarge mutual tolerance, narrow the cultural gap and improve intercultural communication all around the world.In the past ten years, Chinese scholars of the translation circles had studied news translation  and  issues  of  the  translators'  subjectivity  in  news  translation.  They also had published some  papers  on the subject  to  discuss  the  translation  strategies  of these texts. For most of these papers are empirical translation criticism, they are in need of the theoretical guidance. So it is necessary to do some further theoretical discussion. 
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1.2 Research Objectives and Methods
News translation follows some basic requirements of translation. Because of the numerous cultural differences, the different social ideology, vocabulary vacancy, etc., translators need to be very flexible when they deal with various translations. However, as the executives of news translation, the translator's performance determines the result of  translation  and  plays  a  vital  role.  Currently,  much  attention  has  been  paid  to translators'  subjectivity  in  news  translation.  For  the  sake  of  the  comprehension  and expression of translation, the good use of the language and the realization of purpose of translation, translators must have subjectivity themselves. This paper, based on Skopos Theory, explores current news translation issues from the perspective of cross-cultural , explores how to overcome cultural obstacles in the process of news translation, explores the impacts of the Skopos Theory on the using of news translation strategies. So, with the guidance of the Skopos Theory and the three rules, the translator can give full play to their subjectivity and use proper translation strategies to do news translation. Thus, the primary purposes of this essay are to verify the  possibility and feasibility  of  applying  the  Skopos  theory  to  news  translation  and assist the readers in learning more about the intimate connection between the Skopos theory and news translation from a completely new point of view. In a general way, this paper not only contains descriptive parts but also analytical parts. Firstly, the descriptive method is used, which reveals in observation, presentation, and  explanation  and  stresses  the  translation  objective  and  function  to  represent  and decipher how the translators’ subjectivity is performed through the complete translation process. What’s more, the contrastive analysis method is used so as to explore the diversity between Chinese and Western cultures, which lay stress on how to translate news. Since this paper aims to find out translators subjectivity’ s revealing process in News translation, illustration is used for analyzing these differing news. 
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Chapter II Literature Review

2.1 Studies of the Translators’ Subjectivity at Home and Abroad
Translation is the activity of author, translator and readers, in which the translator is the link to connect author and readers. Xu Jun thinks that translation is a "positive dialogue  among  the  three  roles  and translator  is  in  the  core  position"  (Xu  Jun, 2003: 6-11), and should have its subjectivity. The subjectivity of the translator means the  initiative  that  translator  takes  in  the translation activity  to  achieve  the  certain purpose (Zha Mingjian, Tian Yu, 2003: 19-24). From the point of view of philosophical, human  have  subjective  initiative  naturally  and  are  able  to  make  judgment  while handling objective issues, so do the translators in the translating work and this initiative is characterized by the subjectivity of the translator. The translator can take various strategies  with  his  subjective  initiative  to  achieve  the  certain  effect.  How  well  the translator play with his subjective initiative will directly affect the quality of translation.
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2.2. Previous Studies on News Translation at Home and Abroad
Translation  In  modern  society  of  globalization  and  with  rapid  developing  communication technology, striking events are happening every minute. News is a window for Chinese people to understand the world. English undoubtedly has a wide range of use all over the world, so, studying the News English well will be helpful to spread news faster and more in quantity in our country, to open the window to the outside world, and enhance China's modernization. "News" and "News Translation" look like two disparate notions. Nevertheless, with the striking development of our society, the globe on which people live increasingly relies on the mass media. The news of the world, national news, local news and any other various kinds of news are spread rapidly via the Internet. It has become a way of life for our people to understand the society around us. And people even remark and report on the same news  event. Thus, it is possible to understand different countries, languages, customs and cultures deeply. News  translation  also  offers a brand-new outlook for  people  to  comment  on  the same or different news that come from foreign countries. Nowadays, people live in a world under siege by all kinds of information and human society massively advances to the informationization time. And it is impossible to live without information. People throughout the world share information and knowledge freely. The world development of politics, economy, science and technology, and culture desperately need a universal communication of information. So, news translation plays an important part and offers information  of  other  countries  in  written  and  oral  forms  to  promote  global communication  and  cultural  prosperity.  Meaning,  journalists  play  a  decisive  role  in serving  as  a  bridge  between  the  minds  of  their  readers  in  differing  countries  to contribute to communication. 
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Chapter III Skopos Theory ..........  14  
3.1 Concepts of Skopos theory ....  14  
3. 2 The Origin and Development of Skopos theory. .......  14
3.3 Three Basic Rules .........  17  
3.4 The Advantages of Skopos Theory in Translation .....  18 
Chapter IV Translators’ Subjectivity from the Perspective of Skopos Theory ............  20 
4.1 Translators’ Subjectivity in Process of Translators’ Acceptance of Source text......  21  
4.1.1 Translators’ Subjectivity in Selecting the Source Text ......  21  
4.1.2 Translators’ Subjectivity in Interpreting of Source Text ............  22  
4.2 Translators’ Subjectivity in Process of Translators’    Recreation of Target Text ...........  23  
4.2.1 Translators’ Subjectivity in Considering the Readers .......  23  
4.2.2 Translators’ Subjectivity in Choosing Translation Strategy .......  24  
Chapter V Translators’ Subjectivity in News Translation ........  26  
5.1 A General Introduction to News Translation .....  26  
5.2 Purposeful News Translation from the Perspective of Rules of Skopos Theory ....  28
5.3 Translators’ Subjectivity in Application of News Translation Strategies .......  33 

Chapter V Translators’ Subjectivity in News Translation

5.1 A General Introduction to News Translation
News is the most timely report of the fact that has just happened or will soon happen. News language is concise, accurate, specific, popular and vivid and of-ten uses new words, the main purpose is to spread information. Journalism is the most direct and quick way of cultural transmission.   As Chinese international communication activity goes deeper, News has become an effective platform for other countries to learn about our country's society and culture. News is a kind of informational text that ends up with the target language culture. It not only conveys accurate information, but also has a certain entertainment value to attract readers and gains its goal of external publicity. News spread at the same time is a kind  of  value  spread.  Communicators  express  their  value  judgments  of  social phenomenon  and  the  information  itself  through  the  news  information.  As  the name suggests, news value is the measure taken by editors and reporters in determine whether  a  particular  event  worth  to  be  written,  published  or  broadcasted,  usually includes such elements as being latest, closest, interesting, important and illustrious. The topics  covered in  news  translation  are varied,  the  functions  of  all  kinds  of information are also different: some is only for entertainment, some provides actual services, other help the target audience to know the world. In addition to the need of having timeliness and conforming to the guidelines of news writing, news translation is different from other topics of translations.
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Conclusion

Translations are communicative processes and communication tools between two language  societies.  Translation  purpose  is  to  promote  the  political,  economic  and cultural  progress  of  the  source  language  society.  Translation  task  is  to  transfer  the logical image or artistic image of the real world contained in the original works to another language. As the practical subject of the translation activity, the translator has an irreplaceable function in translation process. Traditional translation theory regards the author as the center of the significance, but treats the translator as the "servant" of the author. The translator must be faithful to the author and convey the purpose of the author faithfully. Until the 1970 s, the cultural turn in translation studies appears in the western  world,  forming  the  culture  school  of  translation  theory  to  face  the  target language  culture.  It  is  not  only  broadens  the  vision  of  translation  study,  but  also improves the translator's cultural identity and the main body status. Translation Skopos theory  is  put  forwarded  to  further  reveal  the  active  role  of  the  translator  in  the translation process. Skopos theory provides the theoretical support for the research of translator's subjectivity. News is a unique text forms, the most important is its propaganda effect. Due to the differences in Chinese and English culture, there are some things suitable for the Chinese taste and Chinese culture habit, but is not in conformity with the English habit, not western taste. So the traditional translation standard will greatly restrict its publicity. The translator is endowed with more creation space in translation Skopos theory. The translators can give full play to their subjective initiative according to the translation Skopos theory. Translation Skopos theory provides a theoretical basis for the English news translation to choose translation strategies and methods. According to the Skopos theory,  the  standard  of  news  English  translation  can  be  summarized  as  publicity determines the translation methods. In order to make the best news propaganda effect, the translator should deal with the original text effectively based on the characteristics of the Chinese and English culture, to draw the target language readers to the translation text, to facilitate the continuous development of the Chinese and foreign exchange. 
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The reference (omitted)