基于礼貌原则的《远离尘嚣》中请求话语之分析

发布时间：2016-08-04 09:57

Chapter One  INTRODUCTION  

1.1 Background  
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is one of the greatest poets and novelists in Britain. He experiences  two  centuries  and  writes  a  number  of  works,  which  include  long  novels, short novels and poems. Athenaeum reviews that Mr. Hardy is perhaps the most vigorous of all the novelists who have appeared within the last two years; his powers of description, his  skill  in  dividing  ‘situations’,  his  quaint  humor,  secured  him  a  high  place  among novelists  of  any  age  (Pobert,  1986).  No  one  has  ever  achieved  so  great  a  success  as Thomas  Hardy  in  describing  country  (Williams,  2005).  Virginia  Woolf  considers  the death of Thomas Hardy leaves English fiction without a leader (1928).  Far from the Madding Crowd published in 1874 is the first novel that gains Thomas Hardy great fame and wealth in his life. It tells us a love story about Bathsheba a beautiful young girl with great capability and vanity. There are three admirers of Bathsheba in this novel Gabriel Oak, Mr. Boldwood and Sergeant Troy. They all love Bathsheba. Gabriel Oak is  described  as a young warm-hearted, of sound judgment, easy motions farmer. He runs  a  small  farm  by  his  own  hand  at  first  and  when  all  his  sheep  die  he  works  for Bathsheba. Mr. Boldwood is a rich farm owner. His farm is next to Bathsheba’s, and he falls in love with Bathsheba when he got the trick Valentine's Day letter from Bathsheba. Sergeant  Troy  is  a  rhetoric  person.  He  cheats  the  love  of  Fanny  Robin,  and  causes Fanny’s  death.  He  marries  Bathsheba  and  leaves  Bathsheba.  He  comes  back  when Bathsheba starts her new life again. He is killed by Mr. Boldwood in the end. All these three admirers whether rich or poor, whether  rhetoric or without any words, show their love to Bathsheba in their own way. Of the whole story, request conversations become the most interesting part.  
.........

1.2 Methodology 
By making an analysis of the request conversation based on politeness principle in Far from the Madding Crowd, the thesis wants to find out the preference  of  each  maxim used  in  each  admirer’s  request  conversations  for  one  thing;  and  prove  functions  and significance of the  politeness principle in creating and appreciating literature works for another. Thus two questions have been proposed:  First, which maxims have been used in the three admirers’ request conversations?  Second, what characteristic is reflected by their use of each maxim in their request conversations?  In order to solve these two problems, two kinds of research methodology have been used. First, quantitative analysis has been used to collect the maxims that applied in their request  conversations.  Second,  qualitative  analysis  has  been  used  to  detect  the characteristic of each admirer by analyzing the maxims they used in their conversations. 
..........

Chapter Two  LITERATURE REVIEW  

2.1  Previous  Studies  on  Thomas  Hardy  and  Far  from  the  Madding Crowd  
Hardy is a productive writer. He writes 20 long novels and 900 poems in his life. He is honored as the “Shakespeare in English Fictions” (G.Q. Wang, 2005). Over a hundred years,  researches  on  Thomas  Hardy  have  never  been  ended.  And  the  prosperous  of research began from the end of 1980s, especially these twenty years.  In  the 1980s, there was a group a people doing research on Thomas Hardy. Among them  Joe  Fisher,  Roger  Ebbatson  and  Peter Wilddowson  are  the  most  famous  (N.  He, 2008). The Hidden Hardy was  written in 1992 by Joe Fisher. Joe Fisher’s The Hidden Hardy described the rebel of Hardy  (Fisher, 1992).  Hardy is born in a Christian family. His mother is a devout Christian. He was well educated and wished to be a priest. Hardy lives  in  the  late  Victorian  time.  There  are  so  many  writers  like  Rudyard  Kipling  and Alfred Tennyson who prize the peace and happiness of the society. However Hardy sees more unfairness and crisis from the peace and happiness. So he is a rebel in the deep heart. In 1989, Peter Wilddowson’s Hardy in History: A Study in Literary Sociology published. This book discusses Hardy from three aspects, which are literary criticisms, history and the creation of the novel. In Peter’s idea there are so many people doing research on the main works of Hardy, seldom do they do research on the subordinate works of his,  and there are so much research paying attention to the tragedy of Hardy’s mind seldom do they do research on other aspects  (1989). Roger Ebbatson detected Hardy’s subordinate novels and explains Hardy’s intensive idea toward the world and society in his Hardy: The  Margin  of  the  Unexpressed  (1993).
.........

2.2  Research  on  the  Politeness  Principle  Approach  to  Conversation Analysis 
Politeness  principle  is  well  applied  in  analyzing  the  conversation  such  as  English Business Letter, English drama and Comedy Situation. Wang Weixin made a  pragmatic analysis to the  conversation  in  Poor Koko.  He  believed  that  politeness  principle  was  a good  way  to  understand  the  characteristic  and  relationship  between  the  writer  and  the thief and promoted the development of the story (W.X. Wang, 2012).  Si Fucheng made the application of cooperative principle and politeness principle in English Business Letter. He found that politeness principle  maxims in different cultures are indispensible for conducting successful business in commercial correspondence  (Si. 2003). Cooperative principle can make the smoothness of the conversation and politeness principle can explain why people go against the cooperative principle. The combination of politeness principle and English business letter makes the description more brief and the writer easy to be understood. Politeness  principle  has  also  been  used  in  analyzing  the  conversation  in  novels. Chen Mingjuan made an analysis of the conversation in Pride and Prejudice, and found that social dimensions affect gender differences in speaking patterns.  Zhou  Shujing  and  Dong  Chuanjie  used  politeness  principle  to  analyze  the conversational silence. They found that conversational silence could save face and also avoided the imposition,  confrontation or embarrassment  (2014). It could be considered as  remedy  strategy  of  the  conversation.  Politeness  principal  can  be  well  applied  in understanding the conflict talk of characteristics. After the analyzing of the conflict talks, they also proposed the effective method to solve the conflict.  
............

Chapter Three TREORETICAL FOUNDATION .......... 8 
3.1 Face Theory .......... 8 
3.2 Politeness Principle.......... 9 
Chapter  Four  ANALYSIS  OF  THREE  ADMIRERS’  REQUEST CONVERSATIONS ......... 13 
4.1Maxims Used by Gabriel Oak .............. 13 
4.2 Maxims Used by Boldwood ..... 22 
4.3 Maxims Used by Sergeant Troy .......... 30 
Chapter Five CONCLUSION ...... 39 
5.1 Major Findings .............. 39 
5.2 Limitations .......... 40 

Chapter Four  ANALYSIS OF THREE ADMIRERS’ REQUEST CONVERSATIONS  

4.1Maxims Used by Gabriel Oak 

As  one  of  the  earliest  Wessex  novels,  “Far  from  the  Madding  crowd”  describes Gabriel  Oak  as  a  young  man  of  sound  judgment,  easy  motions,  honesty,  proper  dress, loyalty, and general good character (Hardy, 2011). Gabriel is a shepherd, and has his own small farm and some sheep. He is looking after the sheep and hopes for  a better future. However, it is because of his dog’s mistake that he lost all of his sheep one night. He said it is lucky that Bathsheba did not marry to him or she would have lived a hard live. Then he goes to Weatherbury, the place which Bathsheba also lives, to look for a job. There he helps Bathsheba put out a fire and save the whole farmland. Thus, he is employed as a shepherd there. Year after year, farmer Oak servers the farm heart and soul without any complain. In this novel, many words have been used to describe these two persons, and so are their conversations. Here the thesis lists the following conversations for discussion to detect the maxim Gabriel Oak has used in his request conversations. 

..........

CONCLUSION  

Request conversation is one of the most difficult conversations to be analyzed (X.R. Chen, 2013). It needs the learner to have a lot of culture knowledge, language skill, and high talent in appropriateness  (Blum-Kulka  &  Olshtain, 1984,  p.206). In 1979, Searle divided  speech  act  into  five  parts.  They  are  representatives,  directives,  commissives, expressives, and declarations. Request belongs to the directives. It means that to  request is  in  some  sense  to  direct  somebody  to  do  something.  So  from  this  perspective  of  the politeness  principle,  the  request  conversations  must  threaten  the  face  to  the  hearers. Politeness principle is the principle that tries  to  make the maximum of the politeness to others. It enlarges the benefit of the others and reduces the loss  in them.  The  politeness principle  can  be  used  to  analyze  our  conversation. By using the politeness principle to analyze the three admirers’ conversations, this paper has the following findings.  
.........
The reference (omitted)

，

本文编号：84527