新被字构式的认知动因研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 01:30

本文选题：标准被字构式 + 新被字构式　；参考：《河南大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：现代汉语被字句一直都是汉语语法研究的热点，语言学各大流派从结构主义到生成语法再到认知语言学都对这种特殊的结构做过研究。当前网上及各大报纸上出现的被字构式，比如：“被自杀”，“被就业”,“被健康，“被失踪”，“被死亡”“被自愿”，“被捐款”越来越备受关注。这种新用法我们叫它“新被字构式”，为区别方便起见把原来的用法叫“标准被字构式”。新被字构式以其独特，叛逆的结构迅速吸引了语言学家及公众的眼球，但之前的研究无论是结构方面，还是语义方面都缺乏更为细致系统的描写。本文结合大量语料，将新被字构式与标准被字构式在句法，语义方面做了对比，系统全面的总结了新被字构式的句法语义特征，并在认知语言学视角下主要以主观化理论为基础，尝试性地对个例进行分析，以解释其语义动因。通过对比，本文发现新被字构式与典型被字构式有很多相似之处，比如，句法上采用了标准被字构式的结构“NP1+被（NP2）+VP”。这使他们整体看起来很相似，但新被字构式却可以拥有更广泛，开放的选择来取代VP。标准被字构式中谓语部分可以是及物动词，，比如，“被杀害”，“被逮捕”，“被消灭”，“被认可”，“被解决”，或是单音节动词加补语，比如，“被拉完”，“被绞死”，或是动宾结构，比如，“被撤职”，“被免职”，“被授予勋章”，但是仍以及物动词为主。新被字构式中“被”后除可以是及物动词，动补结构，动宾结构，还可以是不及物动词，比如，“被死亡”，“被同居”，“被怀孕”，“被下降”；名词，比如，“被韩国”，被新红颜，“被大学”，“被艳照”，“被商标”；形容词，比如，被万能，“被热闹”，“被干净”，“被富裕”；主谓结构，比如，“被审美疲劳”，“被脸胖”，“被婚变”；数字，字母，成语等等。通过句法我们看到，新被字构式采用了典型被子构式的结构，主语仍然是受事，这使新被字构式继承了典型被字构式的被动性，主语被动地受到某一事件的影响。这使得新被字构式的基本语义还是表示遭受，同时这也是新被字构式能够被广泛接受的语义基础。标准被字构式中主语为典型的受事，新被字构式的主语却承担着施事和受事与一体的复杂局面。通过大量语料的解读发现，新被字构式的主语依然是受影响的，故仍然是受事。它继承了标准被字构式的被动性，而且是对“被”表遭受意义的一种回归。古汉语中这一被动构式“基本上表示不幸或者不愉快的事情”（王力，1980）。新被字构式“被”字之后的成分在进入该构式之前都是含有主动意义，而且表示如意，期望的语义色彩，而进入该构式之后产生了强烈的反差，表示遭受，不如意等消极意义。新被字构式大多以带引号的形式出现，以表示对某种社会现象的讽刺，不满和质疑。当然不排除能表示积极意义的可能性，比如，“被亲戚”，“被酒醒”。新被字构式使得“被”后成分扩大了，形式更加多样化，不同的形式导致不同的意义，每个形式都会有对应于这个形式的意义。而且新被字构式的意义更依赖于语境，整个构式的意义都不能仅从字面得出，内涵更为丰富，是遭受义的扩展化，具体化。标准被字构式主要表示“遭受”，而新被字构式除了表“遭受”外，多指“不知不觉得扮演了某种角色或被认为做了某种事情”；“被迫”；“身不由己做某事”（侧重动态的挣扎过程）；“被谎称为，被认定为”；“看起来做了某事，其实没有做或者是做样子没有真正达到做某事的目的”；“出乎意料的受益”。新被字构式的这些意义都不能一看便知，必须通过阅读语篇才能理解，这是新被字构式的意义的新处所在。基于上述讨论，本文尝试用主观化理论来解释新被字构式语义的认知动因。兰盖克认为，主观化就是言语场景的参与者，时间，地点，说话人的目的，态度，情感等因素参与了某构式的概念化过程，成为意义的一部分，而并未在语言形式上表现出来。新被字构式的语义不能仅从字面上获得，要从每个构式得以出现的语篇中解读出来。它暗含了说话人对“被”后成分所表示的事件或社会现象的态度，看法，而这些都没有表现在语言层面上。要真正理解这些意义，就必须把构式的言语背景作为参考。说话人真正想要表达的意思，没有体现在语言层面上，但是依然参与概念化的过程。这就是主观化，也即是新被字构式的认知动因。通过研究发现，新被字构式的出现有其社会根源，历史根源，它继承了典型被字构式的特征并有所发展。它的形成是社会现实的客观现状和人类的认知相互作用的结果。
[Abstract]:Modern Chinese characters have always been a hot spot in the study of Chinese grammar. All the major schools of linguistics have studied this special structure from structuralism to generative grammar to cognitive linguistics. It is becoming more and more concerned about being "died", "being voluntarily", "being donated". This new usage is called "new type", which is called "standard word structure" for the convenience of distinction. In terms of structure and semantics, there is a lack of more detailed description of the system. In this paper, a comparison is made of the syntactic and semantic aspects of the new subject structure and the standard by the word structure with a large number of corpus, and a systematic and comprehensive summary of the syntactic and semantic features of the newly constructed type is systematically summarized, and the subjective theory is mainly based on the cognitive linguistic perspective. A case is analyzed to explain its semantic motivation.
Through comparison, we find that there are many similarities between the new type structure and the typical word structure. For example, the structure "NP1+ (NP2) +VP" is used as a syntactic structure, which makes them look similar, but the new word structure can have a wider and open choice to replace the predicate part of the VP. standard. It can be a transitive verb, such as "being killed", "arrested", "eliminated", "accepted", "solved", or a single syllable verb plus complement, such as "being pulled out", "being hanged", or a verb object structure, such as "being removed", "dismissal", "being awarded a medal", but still the main verb. New character. It can be a transitive verb, a verb complement structure, a verb object structure, and an intransitive verb, such as "being dead", "being cohabitation", "being pregnant", "down"; a noun, such as "by South Korea", by new red, "University", "Yan Zhao", "trademarks", adjectives, such as "omnipotent" "Lively", "clean", "affluent"; subject predicate structure, for example, "being fatigued by fatigue", "being fat by face", "being married", numbers, letters, idioms and so on.
Through the syntax we see that the new structure adopts a typical quilt structure, and the subject is still affected, which makes the new structure inherit the passivity of the typical structure, and the subject is passively affected by a certain event. The semantic basis is widely accepted. The subject of a standard is a typical subject, and the subject of a new word is a complex situation. Through a large number of materials, it is found that the subject is still affected, and it is still a matter. It inherits the passivity of the standard by the word structure. And it is a return to the meaning of the "being" table. In ancient Chinese, this passive construction "basically represents unfortunate or unpleasant things" (Wang Li, 1980). The composition of the newly constructed word "be" word contains the active meaning and the semantic color of expectation and expectation before entering the structure. Then there is a strong contrast, which indicates the negative meaning of suffering, such as unsatisfactory. Most of the new constructions appear in the form of quotation marks to express irony, dissatisfaction and doubt about some social phenomenon. Of course, it does not exclude the possibility of expressing positive meaning, such as "by relatives", "wake up". In addition, the form is more diverse and different forms lead to different meanings. Each form has its meaning to the form. Moreover, the meaning of the new form is more dependent on the context. The meaning of the whole structure can not be drawn from the literal only, the connotation is more abundant, it is the extension and the concrete of the meaning. The standard is mainly the word structure. In addition to "suffering", in addition to the "suffer", the new word is "not knowing how to play a role or be thought to have done something"; "compelled"; "not to do something by oneself" (a dynamic struggle); "being lied to, being identified as"; "it seems to have done something, but it does not do it or" It is the purpose of doing something that does not really achieve something ";" unexpected benefit ". The meaning of the new word structure can not be seen, and it must be understood through the reading text, which is the new place of the meaning of the new word structure.
Based on the above discussion, this article tries to use the subjective theory to explain the cognitive motivation of the new word structure semantics. As it comes out, the semantics of the newly formed structure can not be obtained literally from the literal text. It implies the speaker's attitude to the event or social phenomenon expressed by the "being", and these are not expressed at the language level. To truly understand these meanings, they must be constructed. The speech background is a reference. The meaning that the speaker really wants to express is not embodied in the language level, but is still involved in the process of conceptualization. This is subjectivism, that is, the cognitive motivation of the new word structure.
Through the study, it is found that the appearance of the new type of word structure has its social roots and historical roots. It inherits typical characters and develops. It is the result of the objective status of social reality and the interaction of human cognition.

【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146.3

【参考文献】