“黑”、“白”的对称与不对称研究

发布时间：2018-06-06 16:39

本文选题：黑 + 白　；参考：《广西师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：“黑”、“白”是现代汉语中一对使用频率很高的反义词。目前尚未见到对“黑”、“白”的对称与不对称进行的专门研究,本文根据语料库的统计结果,试图以标记理论和认知语言学的相关理论为指导,对现代汉语中“黑”和“白”在词汇、语义和语法方面的对称与不对称现象进行考察,细致描写出对称与不对称的情况,并深入分析总结产生不对称的原因。本文主体包括以下五部分内容：第一,意义层面的描写和分析。从“黑”和“白”的义项数量、各具体义项、意义的感情色彩及语素义与词义一致等角度描写和分析“黑”和“白”在意义方面的对称与不对称现象。发现“黑”、“白”在总体对称中存在不对称,首先,“白”的义项分布范围比“黑”的广,并且,“白”的发展演变比“黑”的更为多方向多层次；其次,“黑”和“白”在具体义项上各有特点,并且发展演变途径不同导致“黑”和“白”的不对称；最后,“黑”和“白”的感情色彩也是各有褒贬。第二,“黑”和“白”的构词数量、构词方式、所构词及使用频率等角度描写“黑”和“白”词汇层面的对称和不对称。我们认为“黑”“白”构词上的对称和不对称,主要存在两种情况：第一种是词形对称。这种情况又包括两小类：一类是词形对称,意义对称；一类是词形对称,意义不对称。第二种是词形不对称,这种情况又分为有“黑”无“白”类和有“白”无“黑”类。我们结合语料对这两种情况作了详细分析。同时,我们也发现“白”的构词能力明显要强于“黑”,“白”的使用频率也要高于“黑”等。第三,“黑”和“白”修饰与被修饰层面的描写和分析。主要研究“黑”和“白”修饰名词与动词时的对称与不对称情况。发现“黑”和“白”在修饰与被修饰中的不对称主要是“黑”和“白”在引申义及词性方面发展的不同途径造成的。第四,对“黑”和“白”在句法层面的对称与不对称进行了深入的研究,我们认为这些不对称首先是“黑”、“白”自身的词义、词性决定的；其次,语言的内部发展和外在的碰撞交流也有对“黑”和“白”在句法上的不对称也有很大的影响；最后,在具体的语境中,“黑”和“白”在句法里也会产生超常规的用法。第五,分析总结了“黑”和“白”对称与不对称的原因。我们从语言内部和外部两个角度进行了分析。我们认为内部原因主要是“黑”和“白”构成了一个反义系统,同时,“黑”也和“红”、“亮”等也构成了一个反义系统,而“白”和“红”也构成了一个反义系统,这样就会使“黑”和“白”呈现出不对称的现象。语言外部的原因主要与认知因素、心理因素、礼貌原则、社会文化因素等有关。
[Abstract]:Black and white are antonyms of high frequency in modern Chinese. At present, no special research has been done on symmetry and asymmetry of "black" and "white". According to the statistical results of corpus, this paper attempts to be guided by the relevant theories of marker theory and cognitive linguistics. This paper investigates the symmetry and asymmetry of "black" and "white" in lexical, semantic and grammatical aspects in modern Chinese, and describes the situation of symmetry and asymmetry in detail. The main body of this paper includes the following five parts: first, the description and analysis of meaning level. This paper describes and analyzes the symmetry and asymmetry of the meaning of "black" and "white" from the aspects of the number of the meanings of "black" and "white", the specific meanings, the emotional color of meaning and the consistency of morpheme and meaning of words. It is found that there is asymmetry in the overall symmetry of "black" and "white". Firstly, the meaning of "white" is more widely distributed than that of "black", and the development of "white" is more multi-directional and multi-level than that of "black". "Black" and "White" have their own characteristics in specific meanings, and the different ways of development and evolution lead to the asymmetry between "black" and "white". Finally, the emotional color of "black" and "white" are different. Second, This paper describes the symmetry and asymmetry of "black" and "white" in terms of the number of words formed, the way of word formation, and the frequency of their use in terms of "black" and "white". We think that there are two kinds of symmetry and asymmetry in the formation of "black" and "white": the first is lexical symmetry. This situation includes two sub-categories: one is word form symmetry, meaning symmetry; one is word form symmetry, meaning asymmetry. The second is word form asymmetry, which is divided into black and white without black. We make a detailed analysis of these two cases in combination with the corpus. At the same time, we also find that the word-formation ability of "Bai" is obviously stronger than that of "black", and the frequency of "white" is also higher than that of "black". Third, the description and analysis of "black" and "white" are described and analyzed. The symmetry and asymmetry of nouns and verbs modified by "black" and "white" are studied. It is found that the asymmetry between "black" and "white" in modification and modification is mainly caused by the different ways in which "black" and "white" develop in introducing meanings and parts of speech. The syntactic symmetry and asymmetry of "black" and "white" are deeply studied. We think that these asymmetries are first determined by the meaning of "black" and "white" themselves, and then by part of speech. The internal development of language and the external collision communication also have a great influence on the syntactic asymmetry between "black" and "white". Finally, in the specific context, "black" and "white" also produce abnormal usage in syntax. The reasons of symmetry and asymmetry between black and white are analyzed and summarized. We analyze it from both internal and external perspectives. We think that the internal reasons are mainly that "black" and "white" constitute an antisense system, at the same time, "black" and "red" and "bright" also constitute an antisense system, and "white" and "red" constitute an antisense system. This will make the "black" and "white" show an asymmetrical phenomenon. The external causes of language are mainly related to cognitive factors, psychological factors, politeness principles and sociocultural factors.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

【参考文献】