现代汉语常用字形近字研究

发布时间：2018-07-23 13:54

【摘要】：近二十年来关于现代汉字形近字的研究比较多见，主要就汉字本体和应用两方面对形近字的定义、形成原因、类型和识别方法进行了一系列研究，取得了一定的成果。但是，，将常用的形近字进行细致的分类统计还不多，特别是应用研究成果，对对外汉语形近字教学提出科学建议的较少。对外汉字教学与我国小学识字教学内容都是现代规范汉字，都以《现代汉语常用字表》为准，本文在综述前人关于形近字研究方面取得的成果的基础上，从《现代汉语常用字表》中的3500个常用汉字入手，借鉴现代汉字构形学理论，运用理论与实际相结合、字表分析与调查测试相结合、第一语言学习者与第二语言学习者横向比较与纵向比较相结合等方法，对《现代汉语常用字表》中形近字的类型、形成原因进行归纳、分析，对小学生与留学生形近字错误情况进行比较，提出具体的形近字教学策略。本文除引言和结语外，由四部分组成：第一部分为《现代汉语常用字表》中形近字的统计及分类。先确定形近字的标准，然后将3500个常用汉字分为独体形近字与合体形近字两大类，独体形近字从笔画数、笔形、笔画组合关系、笔画位置四个方面来辨析，统计得到74组独体形近字；合体形近字从部件的形体、部件的数量、部件的位置三个方面来辨析，统计得到215组形近字。第二部分以统计的289组形近字为依据，归纳出造字方法、汉字演进、现代简化三种产生形近字的原因；第三部分通过测试的形式对小学生与留学生形近字错误情况进行调查，发现二者在汉字认知过程方面都遵循从字音到字义等相似的规律，但是在汉语基础、学习目标、现实条件上还有很多差异；第四部分在统计与测试基础上，从教师、学生、教材三个角度提出合理的教学设想，教师要充分运用字理教学、情境教学、归纳对比等方法进行形近字教学，学生也要在学习中自觉运用归纳策略、笔画策略、音义策略加强形近字的识记，教材要在引入形近字教学的时间、练习等方面合理编排。《现代汉语常用字表》所收录的3500常用汉字是我们日常生活中出现频率较高的汉字，通过对该字表中形近字的整理，对于小学生与留学生准确使用汉字，提高交际能力具有实用价值，同时，借鉴小学识字教学中较为成熟的形近字教学思路，为留学生的形近字教学提供有效的依据，促进留学生汉字认知水平的提高。
[Abstract]:In the past twenty years, there have been many researches on the near characters of modern Chinese characters, mainly on the definition, causes, types and recognition methods of the Chinese characters from the aspects of the ontology and application of Chinese characters, and some achievements have been made. However, there are few detailed classification statistics on the commonly used Chinese characters, especially on the application of research results, so that scientific suggestions are put forward for teaching Chinese characters as a foreign language. The contents of Chinese character teaching in foreign countries and in Chinese primary school are both modern standard Chinese characters, both of which are based on the list of frequently used characters in Modern Chinese. This paper summarizes the achievements made by the predecessors in the field of the study of Chinese characters. Starting with 3500 commonly used Chinese characters in Modern Chinese character list, drawing lessons from modern Chinese character configuration theory, combining theory with practice, combining word table analysis with investigation and testing, Combining the horizontal and vertical comparison between the first language learners and the second language learners, this paper sums up and analyzes the types and reasons for the formation of the near and middle characters in the list of frequently used words in Modern Chinese. This paper compares the errors between pupils and foreign students, and puts forward some teaching strategies. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this paper is composed of four parts: the first part is the statistics and classification of the near and middle characters in the list of Common characters in Modern Chinese. First of all, the standard of the character is determined, and then 3500 commonly used Chinese characters are divided into two categories: the near character of the single shape and the near character of the conjoint form. The character of the form of the single shape is distinguished from four aspects: the number of strokes, the shape of the stroke, the relationship between the strokes and strokes, and the position of the stroke. A total of 74 groups of monomorphic near characters are obtained, and 215 groups of close characters are obtained from three aspects: the shape of the component, the quantity of the component and the position of the component. The second part, based on 289 groups of Chinese characters, concludes the reasons for the formation of Chinese characters, the evolution of Chinese characters and the simplification of modern characters. It is found that both of them follow similar rules in the cognitive process of Chinese characters, but there are still many differences in the basis of Chinese language, learning goals and realistic conditions. The fourth part is based on statistics and tests, from teachers to students. This paper puts forward reasonable teaching ideas from three angles: teachers should make full use of the methods of word teaching, situational teaching, induction and contrast, and students should consciously use inductive strategies and stroke strategies in their study. The phonetics strategy strengthens the memorization of the form and the near character, and the teaching material should introduce the time of the teaching of the form and the near character. The 3500 commonly used Chinese characters which are included in the list of frequently used words in Modern Chinese are the Chinese characters which appear frequently in our daily life. It is of practical value for pupils and foreign students to use Chinese characters accurately and improve their communicative competence. At the same time, it can provide an effective basis for the teaching of Chinese characters by using for reference the more mature teaching ideas of Chinese characters in primary school literacy teaching. To promote the improvement of Chinese characters cognition level of foreign students.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H123

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