“很多”、“很少”语法不对称的跨语言研究
发布时间：2018-08-09 21:03
【摘要】：本文是关于“很多”、“很少”的句法功能及其语法不对称的跨语言研究，以结构主义的分布分析为基础，进行语义和句法分析，在描写的基础上解释“很多”、“很少”不对称的内在原因。在研究中尽可能做到形式和意义相结合，描写与解释相结合。本文的研究对对外汉语教学有积极作用。 全文主要包括六个部分： 一、从语义和句法功能上分析了汉语“很多”、“很少”的对称性和不对称性。“很多”在句中可以充当主语、宾语、定语、谓语、动词补语、形容词补语，并能修饰量词，但不能修饰“数·量·名”结构；“很少”在句中只能充当谓语、状语和动词补语，并能修饰“数·量·名”结构，但不能修饰量词。两者表现出明显的不对称性。 二、对“很多”、“很少”做定语的不对称性做了深入的描写，并做出解释。所有出现在动词前的“很少”不能做主语的定语，像“很少人”这样的结构只是“很少有人”的省略形式，在动词前的“很少NP”中的“很少”在句中做状语而非定语，这和“很多”做主语修饰语的情况显现出明显的不对称性；动词后的“很多”在句中也能自由地修饰名词或名词性结构，动词后的“很少”仍然不能自由地修饰名词或名词性结构，若动词后的“很少”要做宾语的定语，必须有条件限制，两者表现出明显的不对称性。 三、英语中“many/few”和“much/little”也表现出对称性和不对称性，“many”,“much”和“few”都能用做主语和宾语的定语，而“little”只能做宾语的定语；做名词、代词的“many”可做主语也可做宾语，而“few”在句中只能做主语，两者表现出不对称性，而“little”和“much”在句中都能充当主语和宾语，两者没有表现出不对称性；“little/much”在句中都可以做状语，，而“few/many”则没有这种用法，这也显示了它们之间的不对称性。另外，英语中，除了“many”与“much”以外，还存在很多表示“数量大、很多”意义的相关词语，主要有：“not a little/quite alittle、not a few/quite a few、a (large) number of/(large) numbers of、A large/hugeamount of/large amounts of、a lot of/lots of、plenty of/a plenty of、a good/greatmany、many a、scores of/dozens of、a great/good deal of、numerous、a large quantityof/large quantities of”等等词组，通过对英语语料库CORPUS OFCONTEMPORARY AMERICAN ENGLISH的考察发现，以上这些词语都能在句中做定语，这跟汉语统计的情况一致，表示大量的词语倾向做定语。 四、法语中表示“很多”的“beaucoup”和表示“很少”的“peu”在语义和句法功能上表现出对称性和不对称性。“beaucoup'’和“peu”在句中都能充当状语;"beaucoup de"和‘'peu de"在法语中可以做主语和宾语的修饰语;表示“很多"的"beaucoup'’在句中能做主语,而表示"很少"的“peu”不能做主语,两者有明显的不对称性。 五、韩语的“(?)”和“(?)”语义和句法功能上表现出对称性和不对称性。表示"很多"的“(?)”在句中可以充当定语和谓语,“(?)”在句中做状语;表示"很少”的“(?)”、“(?)”、“(?)”和“(?)”在句中只能做谓语,而表示“很少的”“(?)”在句中只能做定语。可见,在韩语中,表示"很多"和“很少"的相关词语也表现出明显的不对称性。 六、从语义和句法功能上对简阳方言的"多少"和'多少的”、"少多"和'少少"、"多少多"和"多少少"进行考察,发现该方言中表示"很多"和"很少”的相关词语"少多、多少的、多少多"与"少少、多少、多少少”都能做谓语和定语,在句法分布上没有表现出不对称性,但两者重音位置上表现出不对称。最后,还总结了简阳方言中的"少多、多少的、多少多"与"少少、多少、多少少”跟普通话的"很多"与"很少"在句法功能上表现出的共性。
[Abstract]:This paper is a cross language study of "many", "little" syntactic functions and their grammatical asymmetry, based on structural analysis of distribution, semantic and syntactic analysis, on the basis of description, to explain the internal causes of "many" and "few" asymmetries. Combining with explanation, this paper has a positive effect on teaching Chinese as a foreign language.
The full text mainly includes six parts:
First, it analyzes the symmetry and asymmetry of Chinese "many" and "few" from the semantic and syntactic functions. "Many" can act as subject, object, attributive, predicate, verb complement, adjective complement, and can modify quantifier, but can not modify the structure of "number. Quantity. Name"; "few" can only act as predicate, adverbial in sentence. And verb complement, and can modify the "number, quantity, noun" structure, but can not modify the quantifier.
Two, it makes an in-depth description of the asymmetry of "many" and "few" attributions, and explains it. All the "few" can not be the attributive of the subject before the verb, such as "few people", the structure is only the ellipsis of "few people", and the "very little" in the "little NP" before the verb is adverbial in the sentence. Non attributive, this and "a lot" of the subject of the subject modifier show obvious asymmetry; the "many" after the verb can also freely modify the noun or nominal structure, the "few" after the verb can still not be free to modify the noun or nominal structure, if the verb after the word "little" to be the object of the attributive, it must be Conditionally, they show obvious asymmetry.
Three, "many/few" and "much/little" in English also show symmetry and asymmetry, "many", "much" and "few" can be used as the attributive of the subject and the object, and "little" can only be the object of the object; the noun, the pronoun "many" can be the subject and the object, and the "few" in the sentence can only be the subject, both the two forms. Asymmetry, and "little" and "much" can act as the subject and object in the sentence, and there is no asymmetry in both; "little/much" can be adverbial in the sentence, and "few/many" does not have such use, which also shows the asymmetry between them. In addition, in English, except for "many" and "much". Not a little/quite alittle, not a few/quite a few, a (large) number. Good deal of, numerous, a large quantityof/large quantities of "and so on, and so on, through the investigation of the English Corpus CORPUS OFCONTEMPORARY AMERICAN, the above words can be used as attributive in the sentence, which is consistent with the situation of Chinese statistics, indicating that a large number of words tend to be attributive.
Four, in French, "a lot" of "beaucoup" and "little" "PEU" show symmetry and asymmetry in the semantic and syntactic functions. "Beaucoup'" and "PEU" can act as adverbials in the sentence; "beaucoup de" and "'peu de" can be the modifiers of the subject and object in French; and "beauco" "beauco". Up''can be the subject in a sentence, while "peu" which means "very few" can not be the subject. There is obvious asymmetry between the two.
Five, Korean "(?)" and "(?)" in the semantic and syntactical function of the performance of symmetry and asymmetry. "A lot" of "(?)" in the sentence can act as a attributive and predicate, "(?)" in the sentence adverbial; "(?)" "(?)", "(?)" and "(?)" in the sentence can only be predicate, and "little" It can be seen that in Korean, the words related to "many" and "few" also show obvious asymmetry.
Six, from the semantic and syntactic functions of the Jianyang dialect of "how much" and "how much", "less" and "less", "how many" and "how few", we find that the words "a lot" and "few" in the dialect are "less, many, many" and "less, less, and less", and they can do predicates and attributive, not in the syntactic distribution. It shows asymmetry, but the position of the two stresses is asymmetrical. Finally, we also sum up the syntactical function of "a lot of less, more, more, more, less, and less" in Jianyang dialect with the syntactic function of Mandarin.
【学位授予单位】：南昌大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：H314;H146
本文编号：2175304
[Abstract]:This paper is a cross language study of "many", "little" syntactic functions and their grammatical asymmetry, based on structural analysis of distribution, semantic and syntactic analysis, on the basis of description, to explain the internal causes of "many" and "few" asymmetries. Combining with explanation, this paper has a positive effect on teaching Chinese as a foreign language.
The full text mainly includes six parts:
First, it analyzes the symmetry and asymmetry of Chinese "many" and "few" from the semantic and syntactic functions. "Many" can act as subject, object, attributive, predicate, verb complement, adjective complement, and can modify quantifier, but can not modify the structure of "number. Quantity. Name"; "few" can only act as predicate, adverbial in sentence. And verb complement, and can modify the "number, quantity, noun" structure, but can not modify the quantifier.
Two, it makes an in-depth description of the asymmetry of "many" and "few" attributions, and explains it. All the "few" can not be the attributive of the subject before the verb, such as "few people", the structure is only the ellipsis of "few people", and the "very little" in the "little NP" before the verb is adverbial in the sentence. Non attributive, this and "a lot" of the subject of the subject modifier show obvious asymmetry; the "many" after the verb can also freely modify the noun or nominal structure, the "few" after the verb can still not be free to modify the noun or nominal structure, if the verb after the word "little" to be the object of the attributive, it must be Conditionally, they show obvious asymmetry.
Three, "many/few" and "much/little" in English also show symmetry and asymmetry, "many", "much" and "few" can be used as the attributive of the subject and the object, and "little" can only be the object of the object; the noun, the pronoun "many" can be the subject and the object, and the "few" in the sentence can only be the subject, both the two forms. Asymmetry, and "little" and "much" can act as the subject and object in the sentence, and there is no asymmetry in both; "little/much" can be adverbial in the sentence, and "few/many" does not have such use, which also shows the asymmetry between them. In addition, in English, except for "many" and "much". Not a little/quite alittle, not a few/quite a few, a (large) number. Good deal of, numerous, a large quantityof/large quantities of "and so on, and so on, through the investigation of the English Corpus CORPUS OFCONTEMPORARY AMERICAN, the above words can be used as attributive in the sentence, which is consistent with the situation of Chinese statistics, indicating that a large number of words tend to be attributive.
Four, in French, "a lot" of "beaucoup" and "little" "PEU" show symmetry and asymmetry in the semantic and syntactic functions. "Beaucoup'" and "PEU" can act as adverbials in the sentence; "beaucoup de" and "'peu de" can be the modifiers of the subject and object in French; and "beauco" "beauco". Up''can be the subject in a sentence, while "peu" which means "very few" can not be the subject. There is obvious asymmetry between the two.
Five, Korean "(?)" and "(?)" in the semantic and syntactical function of the performance of symmetry and asymmetry. "A lot" of "(?)" in the sentence can act as a attributive and predicate, "(?)" in the sentence adverbial; "(?)" "(?)", "(?)" and "(?)" in the sentence can only be predicate, and "little" It can be seen that in Korean, the words related to "many" and "few" also show obvious asymmetry.
Six, from the semantic and syntactic functions of the Jianyang dialect of "how much" and "how much", "less" and "less", "how many" and "how few", we find that the words "a lot" and "few" in the dialect are "less, many, many" and "less, less, and less", and they can do predicates and attributive, not in the syntactic distribution. It shows asymmetry, but the position of the two stresses is asymmetrical. Finally, we also sum up the syntactical function of "a lot of less, more, more, more, less, and less" in Jianyang dialect with the syntactic function of Mandarin.
【学位授予单位】：南昌大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：H314;H146
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