存在句中处所介词“在”的隐现

发布时间：2018-08-22 11:21

【摘要】：本文依据大规模语料库的调查结果，把存在句中处所介词“在”的隐现情况划分为两类：一类是存在句A段与“在”共现，一类是存在句B段与“在”共现。其中，A段与“在”共现又分为“在”必隐、“在”可隐可现、“在”必现三种情况；B段与“在”共现又分为“在”必隐和“在”可隐可现两种情况，每种情况都与不同的A段类型和B段类型对应。存在句中“在”的隐现有复杂的制约动因。在句法方面，从历时层讲，“在”的低频与存在句从篇章结构到句法结构的语法化历程密切相关；从共时层讲，汉语句法规则使A段为动词或其他介词引导名词形式的存在句中不能出现“在”，A段前有副词“就”的存在句中必须出现“在”，此外前置介词“在”与后置方位词的句法分工降低了“在”在存在句中的使用频率。在语义方面，从微观上讲，以“处所”义和“方位”义为主要成员的空间语义范畴的典型性程度影响了“在”的隐现，空间义典型性越高，越不需要用“在”作空间标记；从宏观层讲，存在构式的多义性、与特定动词相匹配的存在关系象似于中心意义的程度以及存在表达式的认知显著度制约“在”的出现。在语用方面，出于交际目的的篇章连贯和认知突显两种语用需要与存在句话题、承接、转接三种语用功能相结合制约了具体篇章中“在”是否出现。以上动因的内在脉络在于存在关系范畴从各种关系范畴中逐渐独立出来并由自足的构式表示。这一内在脉络一方面是对汉语介词隐现共性规律的必要补充。另一方面也可在存在句的类型学特征方面找到相关证据。通过对近30种语言中的存在句及联系项出现情况进行考察，我们发现：第一，存在句中联系项是否强制出现，代表了人类语言表达空间关系时的两种倾向：一种是用实词语义，一种是用虚词功能；第二，联系项强制与否，，也代表了存在句式赋予空间成分句法地位时的两种倾向，一种是赋予主语地位，一种是赋予修饰语地位。这些发现从侧面印证了汉语存在构式对联系项“在”隐现的制约作用。
[Abstract]:Based on the investigation results of large-scale corpus, this paper classifies the occult situation of locative prepositions in existential sentences into two categories: one is co-occurrence of existential sentence A and "Ze", and the other is co-occurrence of existential sentence B and "Zai". Among them, the co-occurrence of paragraph A and "in" is divided into "in", "in" can be hidden, "in" must be "and" in "are divided into" in "and" can be hidden "two kinds of situations. Each case corresponds to a different A and B type. In the existential sentence, there are complicated reasons to restrict the invisibility of "Ze". In syntactic terms, the low frequency of "Zai" is closely related to the grammaticalization of existential sentences from textual structure to syntactic structure, The syntactic rules of Chinese make it impossible to appear in the existential sentence in which paragraph A is a verb or other prepositional noun form. "in the existential sentence where there is an adverb" on "before" paragraph A, "Zai" must appear. In addition, the syntactic division of prepositional prepositions and postpositional words reduces the frequency of their use in existential sentences. In terms of semantics, from the microscopic point of view, the typical degree of spatial semantic category with the meaning of "place" and "orientation" as the main members affects the concealment of "being". The higher the typicality of spatial meaning is, the less need it be to use "in" as a spatial mark. At the macro level, the polysemy of existential constructions, the degree of existential relation matching with specific verbs is like the degree of central meaning and the cognitive salience of existential expressions restricts the emergence of "in". In terms of pragmatics, discourse coherence and cognition for communicative purposes highlight two pragmatic needs and the topic of existential sentences. The combination of the three pragmatic functions of acceptance and transfer restricts the appearance of "in" in a specific text. The internal context of the above motivation lies in the fact that the category of existential relation is gradually independent from various categories of relation and expressed by self-sufficient construction. On the one hand, this internal context is a necessary supplement to the common law of Chinese prepositions. On the other hand, we can find the relevant evidence in the typological characteristics of existential sentences. By investigating the appearance of existential sentences and related items in nearly 30 languages, we find that: first, whether the connective items in existential sentences are forced to appear represents two tendencies in expressing spatial relations in human languages: one is the semantic meaning of notional words. One is the function of function words, the other is whether the relation item is compulsory or not, it also represents two tendencies when the existential sentence gives syntactic status to the spatial component, one is to give the subject status, the other is to give the modifier status. These findings confirm the restrictive effect of the Chinese existential construction on the concealment of the relation term.
【学位授予单位】：湖南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

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