《原本老乞大》与《儒林外史》“了”、“着”、“过”比较研究

发布时间：2018-10-30 06:48

【摘要】：近代汉语的动态助词是唐代新产生的一个助词类别。自唐至今经历了由繁而简的演化过程。其中，“了”、“着”、“过”在元代口语中使用频繁。《老乞大》一书是元代朝鲜人（古韩国人）学习汉语的教材，其语言极具口语化。清代的《儒林外史》是现实主义讽刺小说，语言是比较纯熟的白话。这两本书的语言特点能够反映当时的实际语言面貌，具有非常重要的文献价值。笔者对《原本老乞大》和《儒林外史》中动态助词“了”、“着”、“过”的使用与分布情况进行比较研究。旨在探寻元、清两个时期“了”、“着”、“过”的基本发展情况和特点。进而总结或印证其发展演变的规律，揭示出语言现象的演变轨迹。这对于深入了解汉语助词系统，以至对整个汉语语法史的研究，都具有重要的理论意义和参考价值。本文首先应用数据库手段，全面收集这些语言成分所出现的句子，尔后运用统计的方法，对动态助词“了”、“着”、“过”在《原本老乞大》和《儒林外史》中的使用格式、构成成分、语法功能进行穷尽的、定量的、准确的描写和分析，考察它们在不同情况下所表达的不同语法意义，以理清此时汉语动态助词的发展面貌。在此基础上对《原本老乞大》和《儒林外史》中的“了”、“着”、“过”的语法格式和语法功能进行历史纵向的比较，通过对其异同的比较分析，探讨这些动态助词演变的诱因、机制和过程。通过描写和解释，得出结论：一是在元代动态助词各成员之间功能交叉重迭的状况仍然存在。而到了清代动态助词分工明确，用法成熟。二是动态助词“了”在元至清时期使用频率迅速增长，快速发展，用法已经与现代汉语非常接近。“着”、“过”的用法和功能也日趋成熟。
[Abstract]:The dynamic auxiliary word in modern Chinese is a new type of auxiliary word in Tang Dynasty. From Tang Dynasty to now, it has experienced the evolution from complexity to simplicity. Among them, "er", "Zhe" and "Yue" are frequently used in the oral language of Yuan Dynasty. "Lao Qi Da" is a textbook for Korean (ancient Korean) learning Chinese in Yuan Dynasty, and its language is extremely colloquial. The history of Confucianism in Qing Dynasty is a realistic satire, and the language is a familiar vernacular. The linguistic features of these two books can reflect the actual linguistic features of the time, and have very important literature value. The author makes a comparative study on the use and distribution of the dynamic auxiliary words "already", "Zhe" and "overpass" in "Old Qida" and "History of Confucianism". The purpose is to explore the basic development and characteristics of Yuan Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. Then it summarizes or verifies the law of its development and evolution, and reveals the evolution of language phenomenon. It is of great theoretical significance and reference value for further understanding of Chinese auxiliary word system and even for the study of the whole history of Chinese grammar. In this paper, we first use the database method to collect the sentences that appear in these language components, and then use the statistical method to make use of the forms of the dynamic auxiliary words such as "er", "Zhao" and "you" in "original Old Qida" and "the History of Confucianism". The components and grammatical functions are described and analyzed in an exhaustive, quantitative and accurate manner, and their different grammatical meanings are investigated in order to clarify the development of Chinese dynamic auxiliary words at this time. On this basis, the historical vertical comparison of the grammatical forms and grammatical functions of the original Old beggars and the History of Confucianism and Foreign History is carried out, and the similarities and differences between them are analyzed. This paper probes into the inducement, mechanism and process of the evolution of these dynamic auxiliary words. Through description and explanation, the following conclusions are drawn: first, the overlapping of functions among the members of dynamic auxiliary words in Yuan Dynasty still exists. By the Qing Dynasty, the dynamic auxiliary word division of labor is clear, the usage is mature. The second is that the dynamic auxiliary has been used rapidly from Yuan to Qing Dynasty, and its usage is very close to that of modern Chinese. The usage and function of "Zhe" and "Yu" are becoming more and more mature.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

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