汉语专名词语系统及其在词汇系统中的层级性分布

发布时间：2019-05-28 16:05

【摘要】：专名词语的数量十分庞大，，是汉语词汇系统中一个比较特殊的词汇类聚。本研究以现代汉语专名词语为对象，在系统论观点的指导下，从语言词汇的宏观视野出发，建立和描述汉语专名系统的整体框架。并在此基础上，对专名词语的意义和用法进行进一步的分析和概括，从而构建出汉语专名词语的层级性体系。在一种语言的词汇系统中，专名词语是与一般的普通词语相对而言的。对于二者的区别可以从多个角度进行比较研究，如果从词汇学的角度出发，二者的本质区别表现在语义上是否具有特指性这一关键点上。在明确了研究对象的所指的基础上，本研究试图阐述和分析汉语专名词语系统的全貌。通过我们的研究发现：专名词语系统虽然庞杂，但并非无章无序。从构成单位上看，主要由两级语言单位构成，分别是专有名词和专用短语。再进一步分析专名系统的内部，其分类又是具有层次性的。如果按照专名词语所指称的对象是否具有生命这个标准，我们首先把专名词语分为生命类专名词语和非生命类专名词语。这种分类的科学性在于，两个类别的划分涵盖了所有的专名词语。这两大类专名词语又有各自的下位分类。生命类专名词语包括人名、网名、动物名和神仙鬼怪名等。非生命类专名词语的下位分类更加繁复，其第一级下位分类是自然类专名词语和社会类专名词语。专名词语的命名并不是一个非常简单的以名指物的过程。不同类型的专名词语在命名过程中存在着不同的要求，以专名词语的整体为研究对象，其在命名中应遵循的原则可以概括为：必要性原则、区别性原则、大众化原则和审美性原则。专名词语的命名方法有：寓意命名法、谐音命名法、专名移用命名法和数字命名法等。专名词语是一种语言现象，也是一种人类社会普遍存在的社会现象。专名词语的社会文化属性主要表现为：民族性、区域性和时代性。本研究在分析专名词语意义的基础上完成了汉语专名词语层级性体系的构建。在专名词语显著度理论和专名泛化的隐喻和转喻机制的理论支持下，按照专名词语与一般的普通词语的距离远近这个判断标准，把专名词语系统分为专名词语基础层、专名词语中间层和专名词语扩展层。如果一个专名词语只具有指称某个特定的人或事物的专指意义，这样的专名词语距离普通词语的距离最远，那么它就处于专名词语的基本层级，由这样的专名词语聚合在一起就构成了专名词语体系的基础层。处于基础层的专名词语具有意义的单一性、指称的唯一性和命名的趋同性等性质特征。如果一个专名词语除了具有专指意义外，还具有一般普通词语那样的泛指意义，这样的专名词语因为获得了普通词语的泛指意义而距离普通词语就更近了一步，此种专名词语聚合在一起构成了专名词语体系的中间层。中间层专名词语的性质特征表现为意义的双重性和指称的分指性。处于专名系统最外层的扩展层专名词语距离普通词语最近，从形成上看，它们原本就是普通词语，由于语言使用者为了命名的需要而将其固化为书名、篇名、杂志名、电影电视名、歌曲名等专名词语。扩展层的专名词语突出的性质特征是意义的有理性和结构的多样性。此外，各个层级专名词语的范围和语用功能也是有所区别的。专名词语的词典收录体现了词汇学与词典学的交叉关系。本研究尝试对专名词典进行分类，并综合概括综合性词典和语文类词典专名词语收录的情况。最后着力对《现代汉语词典》第5版收录的专名词语进行了统计和分析，发现其存在的个别问题，试图对规范型语文类词典的专名词语收录有一个全面而深入的认识和把握。
[Abstract]:The number of special words is very large, which is a relatively special kind of vocabulary in the Chinese vocabulary system. This study, under the guidance of system theory, sets up and describes the overall framework of Chinese special-name system under the guidance of system theory. On this basis, the meaning and usage of the special-name words are further analyzed and summarized, so as to construct the hierarchical system of the Chinese special-name words. In a language-based vocabulary system, a special term is a relatively general term, The difference between them can be compared and studied from a plurality of angles, and if from the perspective of lexicology, the essential difference of the two is the key point in the meaning of the semantic meaning. On the basis of defining the meaning of the study object, the present study attempts to set forth and analyze the full-length Chinese word system. As a result of our study, the special-name system, though complex, is not free It is composed of two-level language units, which are special and special. a phrase is used to further analyze the interior of a special-name system, which is classified and has a layer Second, if the subject referred to in the terms of a particular name has the standard of life, we first divide the term of the exclusive name into the word of life and the non-life-class. The scientific nature of this classification is that the division of the two categories covers all the specific categories The two broad-name terms have their own The word of life includes a name, a net name, an animal name, and a fairy ghost. The lower-level classification of non-life-specific words is more complicated, and its first-level lower-level classification is a kind of natural-class special-name and social-class. The name of a particular word is not a very simple name The process of referring to the object. Different types of special names have different requirements in the naming process, and the whole of the special words is the research object. The principles that should be followed in the naming can be summarized as the necessity principle, the basic principle, the popularization principle and the popularization principle. Aesthetic principle. The naming method of the special word is: the meaning naming method, the homophonic naming method, the name method and the number of the special names. The word name method is a kind of language phenomenon, it is also a kind of human society. The social phenomenon of the special word is mainly characterized by the nationality, The study, based on the analysis of the meaning of the special words, has finished the term of Chinese The construction of the language-level system. Under the theoretical support of the metaphorical and metonymy mechanism of the special-name word significance theory and the special-name generalization, the special-name word system is divided into a special-name base layer and a special-name word middle according to the judgment standard of the distance between the special-name word and the general common word. An extension of a layer and a special word. If a single word has only a specific meaning of a particular person or thing, such a special term is the most distant from a common word, then it is The basic level of a full-name term, which is aggregated together by such special-name words, constitutes a special purpose The base layer of the word system. The special word in the base layer has the meaning, the uniqueness and the naming. The characteristic of the same-sex character of the same-sex. If a special word has the meaning of the general term, it also has the general meaning of the general term, so the special-name word is the distance to the general meaning of the ordinary word. It is a step closer to the word-to-word, which is aggregated together to form a special purpose. The middle layer of a word system. The property of the middle-layer special-name word is the two of the meaning. Multiplicity and the point of reference of the allegations. The most out-of-the-layer extension of the special-name system is the closest to the general term. From the viewpoint of the formation, they are the ordinary words, and they can be cured into the title, the title, the title, the magazine name, the film television name, A special word, such as a song name. The characteristic feature of the special word of the extended layer is of significance. The diversity of reason and structure. The function is also different. The dictionary of the full-name word reflects the word The cross-relation between the lexicology and the lexicography. The study attempts to classify the special dictionary and generalizes the comprehensive dictionary and the Chinese language. In the end, the author makes statistics and analysis on the specific words included in the Modern Chinese Dictionary and the 5th edition, and finds out the individual problems in the dictionary, and tries to include one of the special words in the standard Chinese dictionary.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H136

【参考文献】