湿地公园岸带空间设计研究

发布时间：2019-03-25 21:37

【摘要】：湿地公园是近年来兴起的一种湿地保护与综合利用协调发展新型模式,其设计理论与实践尚不完善。目前在湿地公园岸带空间设计中,较多的沿用了园林景观水体的设计思路,造成了湿地植物种类匮乏、岸带物质与能量交流不畅、岸带生态功能低下等问题。为此,本文以湿地公园岸带为研究对象,以维护与增强岸带生物多样性为主要目标,提出满足生态需求和社会需求的多种湿地公园岸带岸带空间设计方式。本文首先对影响湿地公园岸带空间生物多样性的因素进行分析,总结出以下湿地公园岸带空间设计的基本思路。1.在进行湿地公园岸带空间配置过程中,选择植被物种时,尽量不选择具有相同生态位的物种,避免种群之间强烈性竞争,使得群落趋于稳定。2.在相对稳定的植被群落中,尽量选择各自生态位不同的植被。植被的生态位要素包括:水位高差、种群密度、种群个体数、植被配置的时间、空间位置等多个方面。3.由多个种群组成的生态系统要比由单一种群组成的生态系统稳定,因此进行岸带植被配置时应该尽量选择多样的物种进行搭配种植。4.基于对边缘效应生态学意义的理解,在湿地公园岸带的设计与改造过程中,应逐渐开拓对边缘效应的认识,在地理位置、动物栖息地环境营造、人为影响、景观性质与斑块破碎化程度等方面应提高重视度。其次,本研究依据湿地水深、水流速度、岸带形式三个要素将岸带归纳为六种岸带类型,分别为静水深水型、静水浅水型、深水凸岸性、深水凹岸型、浅水凸岸性、浅水凹岸型。并将每种岸带类型元素组成划分为自然与人文元素,自然元素内容包括湿地植物配置、水文特征、基质的组成,人文元素包括岸带设施元素以及浓厚的文化元素。其中,设施元素部分基于不同的岸带类型介绍了四种生态护岸形式,包括抛石护岸、木桩护岸、石笼护岸、砾石网筒护岸,文化元素部分介绍了木栈道、观景平台、码头、廊道等人类文化设施。再次,本文基于动植物栖息地、人类游憩休闲和科研宣教等不同需要,对湿地公园岸带空间元素进行配置组合,提出不同岸带类型的设计模式。最后,文章以北京市平谷区小龙河湿地公园为主要案例改造对象,通过对岸带软硬质分析、植物配置分析、护坡类型分析、动物栖息地分析、人文元素等的分析,剖析目前小龙河湿地公园岸带空间面临的问题,提出在植物配置与分布、护坡类型及其分布、动物栖息地改造等方面的建议,最后做出基于保护岸带空间的设计方案,总结出针对湿地公园岸带空间设计的经验与方法。以期为之后的湿地公园岸带空间设计指导方向。
[Abstract]:Wetland park is a new pattern of harmonious development of wetland protection and comprehensive utilization in recent years, and its design theory and practice are not perfect. At present, in the design of wetland park shore space, more and more landscape water body design ideas have been used, resulting in the lack of wetland plant species, coastal material and energy exchange is not smooth, the low ecological function of the coastal zone and so on. Therefore, this paper takes the coastal zone of wetland park as the research object, with the main goal of maintaining and enhancing the biodiversity of the coastal zone, and puts forward a variety of spatial design methods of the coastal zone of wetland park to meet the ecological and social needs. In this paper, the factors affecting the spatial biodiversity of wetland park shore zone are analyzed, and the basic ideas of the following wetland park shore zone space design are summarized. In the process of spatial allocation of coastal zone in wetland park, the species with the same niche should not be selected as far as possible when selecting vegetation species, so as to avoid strong competition among populations and make the community tend to be stable. In the relatively stable vegetation community, choose the vegetation with different niche as far as possible. The niche elements of vegetation include: water level difference, population density, population individual number, time of vegetation allocation, spatial location and so on. 3. The ecosystem composed of multiple populations is more stable than that made up of a single population. Therefore, various species should be chosen as far as possible for the allocation of coastal vegetation. 4. Based on the understanding of the ecological significance of the edge effect, in the course of the design and transformation of the coastal zone of the wetland park, we should gradually develop the understanding of the edge effect, create the environment of the animal habitat and man-made influence in the geographical position, the animal habitat and the environment. Attention should be paid to landscape properties and patch fragmentation. Secondly, according to the three factors of wetland water depth, flow velocity and coastal zone form, the coastal zone can be classified into six types, namely, static water deep water type, static water shallow water type, deep water bulge type, deep water concave bank type, shallow water protruding type, and so on, which can be divided into six types: static water deep water type, static water shallow water type, deep water protruding type, Shallow water concave bank type. The elements of each type of coastal zone are divided into natural and human elements. The natural elements include wetland plant configuration, hydrological characteristics, matrix composition, cultural elements including coastal facilities elements and strong cultural elements. Among them, four kinds of ecological revetment forms are introduced based on different types of shoreline, including boulder bank protection, wooden pile bank protection, stone cage bank protection, gravel net bank protection, cultural element part introduces wooden trestle road, viewing platform, wharf. Human cultural facilities such as corridors. Thirdly, based on the different needs of animal and plant habitat, human recreation and scientific research, this paper combines the spatial elements of the coastal zone of wetland park, and puts forward the design patterns of different types of coastal zones. Finally, the paper takes Xiaolong River Wetland Park in Pinggu District of Beijing as the main case, through the analysis of soft and hard in the opposite shore zone, the analysis of plant configuration, the analysis of slope protection type, the analysis of animal habitat, the analysis of human elements, and so on. This paper analyzes the problems faced by the coastal space of Xiaolong River Wetland Park at present, puts forward some suggestions in the aspects of plant allocation and distribution, slope protection type and distribution, animal habitat transformation, etc., and finally makes a design scheme based on the protected coastal space. This paper summarizes the experiences and methods in the design of the coastal zone of wetland park. In order to guide the design of the coastal zone of wetland park.
【学位授予单位】：中国林业科学研究院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU986.5

【参考文献】