北宋山水画中的自然观
发布时间：2018-12-11 18:34
【摘要】：一般来说,自然观的问题应属于哲学的范畴。人们在与自然(自然界)不断发生关联的过程中,逐渐将积累起来的具体经验性认知提升为一种观念性认知,在漫长的人类演化史中,后者越来越具有了形而上的哲学特征,也正是因为如此,文明的进程与特性一定程度上决定了自然观的形态。反过来说,自然观的哲学属性也必然地意味着它的发展本身携带了文明进程的痕迹。北宋时代是中国哲学思想发展史中的一个高涨期和活跃期,受到这种影响,自然观也呈现出时代精神所赋予的哲学内涵,这种特质不期然而然地折射到文化艺术领域之中,从一个方面影响到文艺精神和样态。 北宋时代的山水画以自然山水——亦即进入了人们眼中的自然为题,既具备宏观的视觉维度,又含有着“尽精微”的体察精神,它与自然观念的联结尤为紧密,可以这样说,在这一点上,如同山水诗等其他以自然山水为母题的文艺样式一样,山水画家眼中的山水,即是时代自然观视野下的自然。所以,从北宋山水画作品及理论的角度来观察其中藏蕴的自然观念,对于我们更加深入地了解、研究那个时代的创作思想、创作观念都是有益的。将自然观从哲学层面进行研究,可以说已不少见,渐成传统。从方式上来说,一般是由代表人物的个人观念认知入手,通过比较与整合,将共识性观念形态逐渐汇聚、提炼特征,构建一个时代的整体性观念面貌。针对某一具体学科领域或者文艺样式的这方面研究也渐渐多起来,但尚未形成完整的系统。大致是在20世纪80年代前后,人们开始更多地思考中国山水画的前途与民族性问题,加之美术比较等研究方法的流行,在不同文化背景的绘画样式研究展开的同时,人们开始更为全面地审视艺术及其相关问题,自然观与山水画之间的关系问题受到了越来越多的重视。 北宋是中国历史上的一个转型期,宋学兴起,新的思潮表面平静却暗潮汹涌地激荡着社会的每一个角落,北宋人的自然观也受到了这种思潮的影响,表现出很多新特征。这样的情形与山水画自身发展的新局面相碰撞,使得北宋的山水画呈现出了时代性的面貌。在具体的北宋山水画作品中,辅之以绘画理论研究,发现自然观念的新特征,是本文的基本目的。文章总体分为五个部分：首先是从哲学、审美理想、图式表征三个层面分析自然观的含义。其次是梳理北宋时代自然观的传承与发展。再次是将北宋山水画家的自然审美特征提取出来,加以剖析。第四,也是文章的重点,将北宋山水画创作阶段分为三期,并分别从绘画的形制、地域特征、图式的意义及具体作品分析中提炼自然观念的样态特征。最后一部分是结论,希冀这项对于传统问题的研究工作能够对当下有所启迪。
[Abstract]:Generally speaking, the problem of view of nature should belong to the category of philosophy. In the process of being connected with nature (nature), people gradually promote the concrete experiential cognition accumulated into a kind of idealistic cognition. In the long history of human evolution, the latter has more and more metaphysical characteristics. Because of this, the process and characteristics of civilization to some extent determine the shape of the concept of nature. On the other hand, the philosophical attribute of the view of nature necessarily means that its development itself carries the trace of civilization. The Northern Song Dynasty was an upsurge and an active period in the history of the development of Chinese philosophy and thought. Under this influence, the view of nature also showed the philosophical connotation endowed by the spirit of the times, which was reflected in the field of culture and art. It affects the spirit and appearance of literature and art in one way. The landscape painting of the Northern Song Dynasty, with the theme of natural landscape-that is, the nature in the eyes of people, not only has the macroscopic visual dimension, but also contains the spirit of "being meticulous", and it is particularly closely connected with the concept of nature. On this point, like other literary and artistic styles with natural landscape as its motif, the landscape in the eyes of landscape painters is the nature in the view of nature of the times. Therefore, from the perspective of the Northern Song Dynasty landscape painting works and theory to observe the hidden natural concepts, for us to understand more deeply, to study the creative ideas of that era, creative ideas are beneficial. It can be said that it is not uncommon to study the view of nature from the philosophical level, gradually becoming a tradition. Generally speaking, it begins with the personal concept cognition of the representative personage. Through comparison and integration, the consensus concept forms gradually converge, refine the characteristics, and construct a holistic concept appearance of the times. The research on a specific subject field or literary style has gradually increased, but has not yet formed a complete system. Roughly, around the 1980s, people began to think more about the future and nationality of Chinese landscape painting, and the popularity of research methods such as art comparison, while the study of painting styles with different cultural backgrounds began at the same time. People begin to examine art and its related problems more and more, and more attention has been paid to the relationship between natural view and landscape painting. The Northern Song Dynasty was a transitional period in the history of China. With the rise of the Song School, the new ideological trend appeared calm but the dark tide stormed every corner of the society. The people's view of nature in the Northern Song Dynasty was also influenced by this trend of thought, showing many new characteristics. This kind of situation collides with the new situation of landscape painting itself development, making the landscape painting of the Northern Song Dynasty present the feature of the times. The basic purpose of this paper is to find the new features of the concept of nature in the specific works of landscape painting of the Northern Song Dynasty, supplemented by the study of painting theory. The article is divided into five parts: firstly, it analyzes the meaning of natural view from three aspects: philosophy, aesthetic ideal and schema representation. Secondly, the inheritance and development of the concept of nature in the Northern Song Dynasty. Thirdly, the natural aesthetic characteristics of landscape painters in the Northern Song Dynasty were extracted and analyzed. Fourth, is the focus of the article, the Northern Song Dynasty landscape painting creative stage is divided into three stages, and from the painting form, regional characteristics, schemata significance and specific works analysis of the natural concept of the model features. The last part is the conclusion, hoping that this research on traditional issues can enlighten the present.
【学位授予单位】：中国艺术研究院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：J212
本文编号：2373026
[Abstract]:Generally speaking, the problem of view of nature should belong to the category of philosophy. In the process of being connected with nature (nature), people gradually promote the concrete experiential cognition accumulated into a kind of idealistic cognition. In the long history of human evolution, the latter has more and more metaphysical characteristics. Because of this, the process and characteristics of civilization to some extent determine the shape of the concept of nature. On the other hand, the philosophical attribute of the view of nature necessarily means that its development itself carries the trace of civilization. The Northern Song Dynasty was an upsurge and an active period in the history of the development of Chinese philosophy and thought. Under this influence, the view of nature also showed the philosophical connotation endowed by the spirit of the times, which was reflected in the field of culture and art. It affects the spirit and appearance of literature and art in one way. The landscape painting of the Northern Song Dynasty, with the theme of natural landscape-that is, the nature in the eyes of people, not only has the macroscopic visual dimension, but also contains the spirit of "being meticulous", and it is particularly closely connected with the concept of nature. On this point, like other literary and artistic styles with natural landscape as its motif, the landscape in the eyes of landscape painters is the nature in the view of nature of the times. Therefore, from the perspective of the Northern Song Dynasty landscape painting works and theory to observe the hidden natural concepts, for us to understand more deeply, to study the creative ideas of that era, creative ideas are beneficial. It can be said that it is not uncommon to study the view of nature from the philosophical level, gradually becoming a tradition. Generally speaking, it begins with the personal concept cognition of the representative personage. Through comparison and integration, the consensus concept forms gradually converge, refine the characteristics, and construct a holistic concept appearance of the times. The research on a specific subject field or literary style has gradually increased, but has not yet formed a complete system. Roughly, around the 1980s, people began to think more about the future and nationality of Chinese landscape painting, and the popularity of research methods such as art comparison, while the study of painting styles with different cultural backgrounds began at the same time. People begin to examine art and its related problems more and more, and more attention has been paid to the relationship between natural view and landscape painting. The Northern Song Dynasty was a transitional period in the history of China. With the rise of the Song School, the new ideological trend appeared calm but the dark tide stormed every corner of the society. The people's view of nature in the Northern Song Dynasty was also influenced by this trend of thought, showing many new characteristics. This kind of situation collides with the new situation of landscape painting itself development, making the landscape painting of the Northern Song Dynasty present the feature of the times. The basic purpose of this paper is to find the new features of the concept of nature in the specific works of landscape painting of the Northern Song Dynasty, supplemented by the study of painting theory. The article is divided into five parts: firstly, it analyzes the meaning of natural view from three aspects: philosophy, aesthetic ideal and schema representation. Secondly, the inheritance and development of the concept of nature in the Northern Song Dynasty. Thirdly, the natural aesthetic characteristics of landscape painters in the Northern Song Dynasty were extracted and analyzed. Fourth, is the focus of the article, the Northern Song Dynasty landscape painting creative stage is divided into three stages, and from the painting form, regional characteristics, schemata significance and specific works analysis of the natural concept of the model features. The last part is the conclusion, hoping that this research on traditional issues can enlighten the present.
【学位授予单位】：中国艺术研究院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：J212
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