萨特想象理论的美学意蕴

发布时间：2019-01-06 15:05

【摘要】：让·保罗·萨特是西方二十世纪最伟大的哲学家,其存在主义哲学所倡导的自由观和人道主义精神,曾经是两次世界大战之后,全世界的人们医治心灵创伤的良药。在哲学上,萨特从现象学出发,将支配自己命运的权力重新交还给人和他的自由意志。人的本质就是自由,也因此成为了与自在世界相区分的自为的存在。在萨特看来人的意识并不只是被动的反应现实世界,还可以主动地实现否定与超越,而自由意识的对象也往往是虚无和不在场的存在。由此,萨特从存在主义的自由理论出发,在审美世界中将想象抬高到了空前的高度。他首先对以往想象理论进行了批判,并归纳出了想象本质上作为一种自由意识的四个特点:意向性、假象性、否定性和自发性,进而完全与知觉区分开来。在明确了想象的性质和特征之后,萨特逐渐开始将他美学的卷轴打开,将其与想象密不可分的有关美学各方面的观点逐一罗列出来。他首先肯定现实世界中是不存在美的,所谓自然美与社会美的说法在他看来是荒谬的,他认为真正的美只存在于艺术世界中,而创作者和欣赏者只有通过想象才能实现对现实世界的超越,才能真正把握到美,获得审美享受。可以说,萨特以自由和想象为中心的美学思想,并不是以客观的现实世界为根据的,但这并不能说明萨特关于美的观点是脱离实际的,事实上萨特在后期勇敢地对自身理论进行了修正,利用文学主动介入到现实生活中,去揭示现实、超越现实、改造现实。这种理论上的转变表面上看是从一个极端跳向另一个极端,而事实上却是有其内在逻辑的。在本文中我们将以萨特的想象理论作为切入点,对其自由哲学、美学观点、艺术创作论、审美接受理论、文学本体论、文学介入观以及前后期理论的微妙转变进行关照,进而对萨特美学有一个更加全面的了解。
[Abstract]:Jean Paul Sartre is the greatest philosopher in the 20th century in the West. His existentialist philosophy advocated the concept of freedom and humanitarianism. In philosophy, Sartre, from phenomenology, gives back the power of his own destiny to man and his free will. The essence of man is freedom, and therefore he is a self-made being distinguished from the free world. In Sartre's view, human consciousness is not only a passive reaction to the real world, but also can realize negation and transcendence actively, and the object of freedom consciousness is often the existence of nothingness and absence. As a result, Sartre raised imagination to an unprecedented height in the aesthetic world based on the existentialist theory of freedom. He first criticized the previous imagination theory and summed up the four characteristics of imagination as a kind of free consciousness in essence: intentionality false negativity and spontaneity and then completely distinguished from perception. After clarifying the nature and characteristics of imagination, Sartre gradually began to open the scroll of his aesthetics and list the views of all aspects of aesthetics, which are closely related to imagination. First of all, he affirmed that there is no beauty in the real world. The so-called beauty of nature and the beauty of society are absurd to him, and he thinks that the real beauty only exists in the world of art. Only through imagination can creators and appreciators transcend the real world, grasp beauty and gain aesthetic enjoyment. It can be said that Sartre's aesthetic thought centered on freedom and imagination is not based on the objective real world, but it does not mean that Sartre's view of beauty is divorced from reality. In fact Sartre bravely revised his own theory in his later period and used literature to intervene in real life to reveal reality transcend reality and transform reality. This theoretical shift appears to jump from one extreme to the other, but in fact has its own logic. In this paper, we will take Sartre's theory of imagination as the starting point to take care of his liberal philosophy, aesthetic viewpoint, artistic creation theory, aesthetic reception theory, literary ontology, literary intervention view and the subtle changes of his theory in the past and later periods. Then there is a more comprehensive understanding of Sartre's aesthetics.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：B83-0

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