从存在主义角度解析《人性的污秽》

发布时间：2018-03-21 02:11

本文选题：存在主义　切入点：疏离　出处：《辽宁大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《人性的污秽》，这部于2000年出版的小说，是菲利普·罗斯的美国三部中的最后一部，并且被称为三部曲中最具整体性的一部，对人性的探讨更加透彻。它以克林顿与莱温斯基的丑闻为故事背景，体现了美国从麦卡锡白色恐怖，历经越战到克林顿丑闻这段历史过程中人们的心理特点。作者将个人命运与历史联系在一起，充分展示了一幅生活在当代美国社会各阶层人的不同生存状态。不同的生存状态背后是同样的悲剧境遇。尽管科尔曼是个浅肤色的黑人，作者并未停留在对种族歧视的控诉。科尔曼这个小说中的关键人物并不是因为被揭穿真实的种族身份而辞职。本论文将主要运用萨特和加缪的存在主义理论来进行分析，剖析作品中所存在的存在主义思想。存在主义哲学认为世界是荒诞的，但在荒诞的世界中人有自由选择的权利。这种自由并不是绝对的，会受到客观限制与制约。不论制约因素如何，存在主义始终认为，，人本身有主观能动性，他自身的选择起了很大的作用。本论文将从以下几部分进行论述。引言部分介绍小说作者菲利普·罗斯的生平及主要作品。国内外学者主要从以下几方面分析该作品，其中包括身份、欲望和美国梦主题研究。罗斯的写作技巧也曾被提及。有些学者运用以下理论对作品进行分析，包括人文主义、悲剧理论、女性主义、种族主义和新现实主义。另外有些学者从心理创伤的角度分析该作品。本文将用存在主义理论进行分析。第一章介绍存在主义的发展历程以及两位存在主义的代表人物萨特和加缪的存在主义思想。萨特不仅认为“存在先于本质”，同时也认为“存在主义是一种人道主义”。而加缪提倡在荒诞的世界中进行有限制性的反抗，反对陷入恐怖主义的反抗。第二章主要分析作品中存在的人与人之间的疏离以及产生疏离的原因。运用存在主义中的荒诞及疏离观念来对作品进行分析，主要分析各人物间的疏离感及产生的原因。小说中人与人之间的疏离包括以下几个方面。群体之间的疏离在小说中体现为肤色和阶级疏离。无论是白人对于黑人，或者是犹太人对于黑人都存在歧视。这种歧视和阶级差距使得白人群体与黑人群体之间存在严重疏离。个人与社会之间也存在疏离。莱斯特·法利作为参加越战后的代表人物，在参加战争之后得不到其他人的理解，由渴望并试图融入社会变得与社会越来越疏离。而人与人之间的疏离在小说中也普遍存在。无论是科尔曼和他的子女，爱人亦或是工作伙伴之间都存在不理解和偏见。人与人之间存在隔阂，这种隔阂在某些时候甚至超越了血缘关系和亲情。第三章着重分析小说中选择的重要性以及意义。既然上帝并不存在，人就成为自由的人，可以自己做出选择。小说中各个人物都有自己的选择，选择后要承担责任。科尔曼选择隐瞒自己的黑人身份，他的兄弟瓦特选择通过正面方式来反抗种族歧视。通过对比各人物角色的不同选择，剖析了影响人们做出不同选择的原因，体现了选择是在有限制的条件下进行的。这种限制因素包括其他人对个人产生的影响、个人因素以及历史因素。小说中的历史因素主要包括种族歧视、迫害精神以及文化差异。人在限制性的环境中寻找自由正是存在主义的重要思想。无论是科尔曼、德芬妮、福尼雅，亦或是如同俄狄浦斯这个神话中的人物，都逃不过限制条件。但他们都试图在限制性条件中寻找自由。第四章主要分析小说中存在主义带来的人文关怀。存在主义给人带来希望，但这种希望并不是忽视困境的希望，它呼吁直面人生的阴影和困境。小说中这种困境包括过度的伦理观以及战争给人带来的阴影。德芬妮不能正视人性的污秽，是个虚伪地维护严肃伦理观的代表人物。面对荒诞的命运，存在主义者呼吁反抗精神，但反抗必须是有理性、有限度的反抗。无限度的反抗会使人走向虚无主义。莱斯特·法利陷入了绝对的反抗，在反抗中丢失了希望，在毁灭他人的同时也让自己迷失在荒诞里。尽管人与人之间存在疏离，尽管选择会给人带来不同的、难以预料的结果，但人与人之间的相互理解、相互关爱以及对大自然的亲近是帮助人摆脱困境的良药。科尔曼和福尼雅正是通过彼此间的相互理解恢复了心灵的平静。结论部分总结了小说的主题以及小说中所体现的存在主义思想。指出从存在主义思想研究《人性的污秽》不仅具有文学意义，更具有现代意义。它可以帮助人们在面对困境时，即在面临“阴影”时，看到阳光，从而让人坚持信仰。
[Abstract]:"The human stain", this novel is published in 2000, Philip Ross of the United States in the three film the last part, and is known as one of the most comprehensive in the trilogy of human nature to explore more thoroughly. It takes Clinton and Lewinsky scandal as the story background, the United States from Mccarthy the white terror, the psychological characteristics of people through this period of history of Vietnam to the Clinton scandal.
The personal fate and history together, fully show a picture of life in the different living conditions of all walks of life in contemporary American society. Behind the different state of survival is the same tragic situation. Though Coleman was a light skinned black, the author did not stay on racial discrimination complaint. The key figures in the novel of Coleman it is not because of being exposed true racial identity and resign.
This paper will mainly use Sutter and Camus's theory of existentialism to analyze, are analysed in the works of existentialism. Existentialism philosophy holds that the world is absurd, but in the absurd world people have free choice. This freedom is not absolute, by the objective limitation and restriction factors. No matter how. Existentialism has always believed that people themselves have the initiative, his own choice plays a big role.
This paper will be discussed from the following parts.
The introduction part introduces the author Philip Ross's life and major works. Scholars analyze the works mainly from the following aspects, including identity, desire and the theme of the American dream. Ross's writing skills have also been mentioned. Some scholars use the theory to analyze the works, including humanism, tragedy theory, feminism, racism and Neo realism. In addition, some scholars from the perspective of the analysis of psychological trauma works. This paper will analyze the theory of existentialism.
The first chapter describes the course of development and two existentialism existentialism existentialism representative of Sutter and Camus. Sutter not only that "existence precedes essence", also believes that "existentialism is a humanism". Camus advocated in the absurd world with limited resistance against terrorism in the revolt.
The second chapter mainly analyzes between people works in the presence of alienation and alienation in the absurd and alienated reason. The concept of existentialism to analyze works, mainly analyzes the characters and causes of the alienation between people. In the novels of alienation includes the following aspects. Between groups alienation embodies color and class alienation in the novel. It is white to black, or Jews are biased against blacks. This kind of discrimination and class disparities between white and black community groups that have serious alienation. There is also the alienation between man and society. As the representative of Lester Farley in Vietnam, not to other people the understanding in the war, and by a desire to integrate into society and society to become more and more alienated. And people's alienation in the novel is also widespread There is no understanding and prejudice between Coleman and his children, lovers or working partners. There is a gap between people. This gap sometimes transcends blood ties and family ties.
The third chapter focuses on the analysis of the importance of the novel as well as the significance of the selection. If God does not exist, people will become a free man, you can make your own choice. In the novel the characters have their own choice, choose to take responsibility. Coleman chose to hide his black identity, his brother watt through positive ways to resist racial discrimination by comparison and selection the characters, causes the affected people to make different choices, the choice is reflected in the limited conditions. The factors, including other people on an individual, personal factors and historical factors. The historical factors in the novel including racial discrimination, persecution and spirit cultural differences. In the restricted environment for freedom is the important thought of existentialism. Either Coleman, Defani, Fu Niya, or the like The characters in the mythology of Oedipus can't escape the conditions, but they all try to find freedom in the restrictive conditions.
The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the humanistic concern in the novel existentialism brings. Existentialism brings hope, but the hope is not to ignore the plight of the hope, it calls for the face of life's shadow and difficulties. This predicament including excessive ethics and shadow war brought to the people. Defani can not face up to the human stain, is a false to maintain representative serious ethics. Facing the absurd fate, the existentialist calls for the spirit of resistance, but the resistance must be rational, revolt has limits. Unlimited resistance will lead to nihilism. Leicester Farley into absolute resistance against lost hope in the destruction of others at the same time lose yourself in the absurd. Although between people are alienated, even will bring different results, There's no telling, but between people's mutual understanding Take care of each other, and close to nature is to help people get rid of the plight of medicine. Coleman and Forney standard through mutual understanding restored peace of mind.
The conclusion part summarizes the novel theme in the novel as well as existentialism. It is pointed out that not only has the significance of literature from the existentialism of "human stain", has more modern significance. It can help people in the face of difficulties, namely in the face of "shadow", see the sun, which makes people adhere to the faith.

【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：I712.074

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