论伍尔夫在《海浪》中的生态意识

发布时间：2018-09-03 14:51

【摘要】：弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫是20世纪文学界最重要的现代主义作家之一。她一生中创作了很多才华横溢的作品,如《达洛卫夫人》、《到灯塔去》、《一间自已的房间》、《海浪》等。很多评论家认为《海浪》是最能体现她天赋的作品,代表了她艺术生涯的最高峰。虽然人们普遍把它看成小说,确切的说,这本书更像是一部散文诗。它不仅体现了伍尔夫超越传统的叙事技巧,也反映了她的生态意识。伍尔夫生活在一个动荡不安的时代。20世纪初期,资本主义迅速发展,帝国主义产生,导致了世界大战,自然破坏以及人际关系的紧张。在这种情况下,她十分关注人类的生存状态。总体来说,在《海浪》中,伍尔夫的生态意识可以概括为对生态和谐与平衡的追求,包括三个方面；自然,社会和精神生态。她探讨了一系列的关系,比如人与自然,个人与社会,自然与精神之间的关系。其中,人与自然的关系是最根本的。在伍尔夫看来,人类只有处理好了这些关系,使它们达到一种平衡状态,才能过上和谐、幸福的生活。伍尔夫的生态思想与生态批评理论不谋而合。因此,本文以生态批评为基础,旨在从以上三个方面探索伍尔夫的生态思想,分为三章。第一章主要分析自然、人类以及他们之间的关系。对于人与自然的关系,大体上有两种截然不同的观点：生态中心主义,以自然为中心,人类是自然的一部分；人类中心主义：以人类为中心,人类是自然的主人。很明显,伍尔夫支持前一种观点。在《海浪》中,她认为人类是自然的一部分,应当遵循自然规律,就像潮起潮落。人类的生命与自然的律动相一致。并且,人类与自然可以和谐共处。人类可以融入自然。然而,这种人与自然的和谐却在一定程度上被人类的行为打破了。人与自然之间也存在冲突。冲突之一在于人类对自然的破坏。虽然伍尔夫支持自然中心的观点,这并不意味着她否认人的创造性。人类不是自然的奴隶。他们可以利用自然并在自然中创造他们的生活。第二章主要论述了《海浪》中的社会生态问题。人类作为生物链上相对独立的一环,自身内部也存在生态平衡问题。面对这些问题,社会生态学家致力于建立一个和谐的社会。本章主要从工业文明,大英帝国,以及人与社会的关系来讨论《海浪》中体现出来的社会危机。首先伍尔夫对现代文明持辨证的态度,既承认它的光明面,又看到它的阴暗面,如环境污染。其次,通过分析《海浪》中波西瓦尔的死,展现了伍尔夫对帝国主义的讽刺。最后分析了个人对社会的态度。通过分析,可以很明显的看出伍尔夫对社会危机的关注,以及对社会和谐与生态的向往。第三章探讨了《海浪》中人物的精神生态危机。自然生态和社会生态的失衡必然会导致精神生态的失衡,因此,精神生态理应是生态批评的研究范围。身处动荡不安的时代,很多人都遭受种种精神危机的折磨。《海浪》中的精神生态危机主要体现在两个方面：自我的迷失和对生命意义的困惑。以罗达和伯纳德为代表,伍尔夫揭示了那个时代的人们可能面临的精神危机。同时,伍尔夫也暗示了解决精神问题的途径.途径之一就是回归自然,融入自然,自然是最好的治愈师。总之,伍尔夫的《海浪》体现了她超前的生态意识。她的生态意识可以总结为对自然,社会和精神生态和谐与平衡的追求。这三个方面是相互依赖,相互影响的。伍尔夫的生态意识对于今天的生态危机具有借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:Virginia Woolf is one of the most important modernist writers in the 20th century. She has created many brilliant works in her life, such as "Mrs. Dalloway", "To the Lighthouse", "A Room of Her Own", "The Wave". Many critics believe that "The Wave" is the best work that reflects her talent and represents the highest level of her artistic career. Although it is generally regarded as a novel, to be exact, it is more like a prose poem. It not only embodies Woolf's transcendental narrative skills, but also reflects her ecological consciousness.
Woolf lived in a turbulent era. In the early 20th century, the rapid development of capitalism and the emergence of imperialism led to world wars, natural destruction and tension in human relations. In this case, she was very concerned about the state of human existence. The pursuit of harmony and balance includes three aspects: nature, society and spiritual ecology. She explores a series of relationships, such as the relationship between man and nature, between the individual and society, between nature and spirit. Woolf's ecological thought coincides with the theory of ecological criticism. Therefore, based on ecological criticism, this paper aims to explore Woolf's ecological thought from the above three aspects, which is divided into three chapters.
The first chapter mainly analyzes nature, human beings and their relationship. There are two totally different viewpoints about the relationship between human beings and nature: ecocentrism, nature-centered, human being being is a part of nature; anthropocentrism: human being is the center and human being is the master of nature. In Waves, she argues that human beings are part of nature and should follow the laws of nature, like the ebb and flow of tides. Human life is in accord with the rhythms of nature. Moreover, human beings and nature can coexist harmoniously. Human beings can blend into nature. However, this harmony between human beings and nature is broken to a certain extent by human behavior. There is also a conflict with nature. One of the conflicts is the destruction of nature by human beings. Although Woolf supports the idea of nature as the center, this does not mean that she denies human creativity. Human beings are not slaves to nature. They can use nature and create their lives in nature.
Chapter Two mainly discusses the social and ecological problems in Waves. As a relatively independent link in the biological chain, human beings also have ecological balance problems within themselves. Faced with these problems, social ecologists are committed to building a harmonious society. This chapter mainly discusses the relationship between industrial civilization, the British Empire and human society. First, Woolf has a dialectical attitude towards modern civilization, recognizing both its bright side and its dark side, such as environmental pollution. Secondly, Woolf's satire on imperialism is revealed by analyzing the death of Bosivar in Wave. Finally, his attitude towards society is analyzed. It clearly shows Woolf's concern for the social crisis and his yearning for social harmony and ecology.
The third chapter discusses the spiritual ecological crisis of the characters in The Wave. The imbalance of natural ecology and social ecology will inevitably lead to the imbalance of spiritual ecology. Therefore, spiritual ecology should be the research scope of ecological criticism. In the turbulent times, many people suffer from various spiritual ecological crises. Woolf, represented by Rhoda and Bernard, reveals the spiritual crisis that people of that era may face. At the same time, Woolf also suggests ways to solve spiritual problems. One of the ways is to return to nature and integrate into nature. Nature is the best healer.
In a word, Woolf's "Waves" embodies her advanced ecological consciousness. Her ecological consciousness can be summarized as the pursuit of harmony and balance among nature, society and spiritual ecology. These three aspects are interdependent and interactional. Woolf's ecological consciousness is of reference significance to today's ecological crisis.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I561.074

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