从《随笔集》看培根的古典修养和修辞技巧

发布时间：2018-12-21 15:40

【摘要】：弗朗西斯·培根是英国文艺复兴时期的一位巨匠，在科学、哲学、法学、文学诸多领域都颇有建树。他最重要的文学作品《随笔集》，被视为英国散文的开端，也对后世英国文学具有重大影响。培根的《随笔集》之所以在文学史上占有主要地位，一方面是由于它的内容充分体现了文艺复兴时期的人文主义思想，另一方面是由于其独特的修辞技巧和散文风格，标志着当时英国散文的最高成就。为了具体说明培根的《随笔集》在思想和艺术方面的特点，本文试图从辨析人文主义的内涵入手，着重分析培根的古典人文修养，探讨他独特的修辞技巧和散文风格。本文的绪论部分，简要介绍了培根的人生经历和他的《随笔集》的写作过程，概述了国内学术界对《随笔集》的研究现状。在此基础上，确定了本文所要探讨的主要问题和研究思路。第一章辨析了“人文主义”、“人文学者”和“人文学科”等概念的来龙去脉。人文主义的兴起，主要得益于人文学者对古希腊罗马传承下来的人文学科的研究。本文借鉴了西方学者的研究成果，认为当时的人文学者主要是通过“古典的”和“文学的”两种人文学科，来体现自己的价值和理想的。所谓“古典的”是通过对古典文献的学术研究来推动整个人类文明的复兴的；所谓“文学的”则是通过文学形式来传播人文主义思想。第二章讨论培根的论说方式和古代修养，尤其是通过对《随笔集》中所援引的古希腊罗马文献的详细统计，，具体分析了培根的古典人文修养。由此表明，这些古典文献不仅成为培根重要的思想资源，也使他的论说更加充实和厚重。正是由于大量援引古典文献，使培根的《随笔集》更加具有人文主义色彩，体现了文艺复兴时代的鲜明特点。第三章主要探讨培根的修辞技巧和散文风格。在《随笔集》中，培根使用了大量的比喻，闪烁了一代哲人的天才想象和智慧。这一点并非偶然，而是修辞学在当时人文学科中倍受关注密切相关的。本文在详细分析了培根的比喻手段后，追溯了文艺复兴时期人文主义与修辞学的关系，也探讨了罗马修辞学家西塞罗和塞内加对英国散文风格的影响。我们可以说，培根的随笔是兼取西塞罗和塞内加之长，又根据自己的特殊才能加以改造和发挥，从而在散文创作中开辟了一条自己的道路，创造了自己独特的风格。本文在结语部分强调，正是文艺复兴运动的时代精神，促进了这一时期散文创作的繁荣，其中尤以法国的蒙田和英国的培根为杰出代表。如果说古典文献的发现和研究，为培根的随笔提供了观察人生和思考问题的思想资源，那么，当时修辞学研究的丰富成果，则为培根提供了多种修辞技巧，从而也有助于形成培根独特的散文风格。
[Abstract]:Francis Bacon is an English Renaissance master who has made great achievements in the fields of science, philosophy, law and literature. His most important literary works, Essays, are regarded as the beginning of English prose and have a great influence on later English literature. The main reason why Bacon's collection of essays occupies a major position in the history of literature is that, on the one hand, its contents fully reflect the humanism of the Renaissance, on the other hand, it is due to its unique rhetorical skills and prose style. It marks the highest achievement of English prose at that time. In order to explain the characteristics of Bacon's essay collection in thought and art, this paper attempts to analyze Bacon's classical humanistic accomplishment and his unique rhetorical skills and prose style from the point of view of distinguishing and analyzing the connotation of humanism. In the introduction of this paper, the author briefly introduces Bacon's life experience and the writing process of his essay Collection, and summarizes the current research situation of the essay Collection in domestic academic circles. On this basis, the main problems and research ideas are determined. The first chapter distinguishes the origin of the concepts of humanism, humanities scholar and humanities subject. The rise of humanism is mainly due to the study of the humanities inherited from ancient Greece and Rome. This paper draws lessons from the research results of western scholars and holds that the humanities scholars at that time mainly embodied their own values and ideals through the two humanities disciplines of "classical" and "literary". The so-called "classical" is to promote the revival of the entire human civilization through the academic study of classical literature, while the so-called "literary" is to spread humanism through the literary form. The second chapter discusses Bacon's argumentation and ancient cultivation, especially through the detailed statistics of ancient Greek and Roman literature cited in the essay Collection, and analyzes Bacon's classical humanistic cultivation. It shows that these classical documents not only become an important ideological resource of Bacon, but also enrich and enrich his theory. It is precisely because of a large number of references to classical literature that Bacon's anthology of essays is more humanist and embodies the distinctive characteristics of the Renaissance. Chapter three mainly discusses Bacon's rhetorical skills and prose style. In the essay, Bacon uses a lot of metaphors and flashes the genius imagination and wisdom of a generation of philosophers. This is not accidental, but rhetoric was closely related to the humanities at that time. After analyzing Bacon's metaphorical means in detail, this paper traces the relationship between humanism and rhetoric in the Renaissance, and discusses the influence of Cicero and Seneca on the style of English prose. We can say that Bacon's essays take both Cicero and Seneca's strong points, and transform and exert them according to his special ability, thus opening up his own way and creating his own unique style in his prose writing. In the conclusion, this paper emphasizes that it was the spirit of the Renaissance that promoted the prosperity of prose writing in this period, especially Montaigne in France and Bacon in England. If the discovery and study of classical literature provides Bacon's essays with an ideological resource for observing life and thinking about problems, then the rich achievements of rhetoric studies at that time provided Bacon with a variety of rhetorical skills. It also helps to form Bacon's unique prose style.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I561.076

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