文学的再现问题中的意识形态

发布时间：2018-10-05 14:20

【摘要】：文学与外部的现实世界构成了什么关系?这个问题从古希腊到当代一直是文学的基本问题之一。在围绕这个问题的各种话语中,在文学是否再现外部世界和什么文学是好文学这两个问题之间常常出现某种"短路"的现象,事实判断和价值判断混淆在一起,这种现象遮蔽了这些判断背后的意识形态。从柏拉图和亚里士多德开始,文学被定义为再现,然而亚里士多德的再现之"再"(re-)其实是一个虚拟,因为诗人模仿的对象并非真正的现实世界。二十世纪以来的西方现代文本理论试图彻底否定柏拉图和亚理士多德的模仿论,并且建立自足的文本世界,认为文本的参照物并非现实世界,而是文本本身。然而,在理论上的彻底性却使文本理论陷入逻辑上的悖论:如果文本理论的前提是正确的,文学无法再现现实,那么就没有任何理由批判现实主义,因为现实主义文学与所有的文本一样也与现实无关,这并不能构成排斥现实主义的理由。实际上,再现与否并非文学的本质,但是对再现问题的不同回答反映了对话语秩序的不同态度,从而在文学观上表现出不同的伦理和政治抉择。传统现实主义的再现实际上体现为对某种可理解和可接受的秩序的服从,虽然现实主义文学常常具有批判现实社会的意义,但是这种批判却完全依赖其背后的"宏观叙事",也就是说用一种话语秩序来对抗现存的秩序,而秩序本身则是永恒的。非再现的现代文学则常常是对秩序的颠覆,它要求取消任何可能对文本进行限制的意识形态,它所反对不是某个具体的秩序,而是秩序本身。
[Abstract]:What is the relationship between literature and the external real world? This question has been one of the basic problems of literature from ancient Greece to contemporary times. In the discourse around this question, there is often a "short circuit" between whether literature reproduces the outside world and what literature is good literature. The fact judgment is confused with the value judgment. This phenomenon obscures the ideology behind these judgments. Since Plato and Aristotle, literature has been defined as reproduction, but Aristotle's "re-" is a virtual, because the poet imitates the object is not the real world. The western modern text theory since the 20th century tries to completely deny Plato and Aristotle's imitation theory and establish a self-contained text world. It is believed that the reference of the text is not the real world but the text itself. However, the theoretical thoroughness leads the text theory into a logical paradox: if the premise of the text theory is correct and literature cannot reproduce the reality, there is no reason to criticize realism. Because realistic literature, like all texts, has nothing to do with reality, it does not constitute a reason to reject realism. In fact, it is not the essence of literature to reproduce or not, but the different answers to the question of reproduction reflect different attitudes to the discourse order, thus showing different ethical and political choices in literary views. The reappearance of traditional realism is actually embodied in obedience to a certain understandable and acceptable order, although realism literature often has the significance of criticizing the realistic society. But the criticism depends entirely on the "macro narration" behind it, that is, to use a discourse order to confront the existing order, which itself is eternal. Non-reproducing modern literature is often the subversion of order, which demands the abolition of any ideology that may restrict the text. It opposes not a specific order, but order itself.
【作者单位】：北京师范大学文学院文艺学研究中心;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金项目《二十世纪法国先锋文学理论和批评的“文本”概念研究》(07CWW002)成果
【分类号】：I04

【共引文献】