“三”和“three”的语法化对比分析

发布时间：2017-12-28 11:35

本文关键词：“三”和“three”的语法化对比分析　出处：《长沙理工大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：语法化这一概念是由国外引进的。语法化作为一个术语,最早由法国语言学家Meillet提出,指的是自主词向语法成分转化的一种语言现象。语法化是基于人们的认知能力,与人们的主观性有关,主要指从实词到虚词的演变。它的研究主要内容包括三个方面:一是实词虚化研究;二是语篇语法化和语用语法化研究;三是命题图示与时体标记,句式构造语法化。语法化是语言学研究过程中的重要理论和思路,目前语法化的研究也有了极大的发展。另外,语法化研究范围比当初的实词虚化研究更为广泛,内容更为丰富,方法更为多样。目前对于数词语法化的研究还不为多见,中英对比分析更是少之又少,所以做这项研究是具有必要性的。通过“san”和“three”的语法化对比研究,在一定程度上丰富了数词语法化内容,为日后的相关研究提供一定的参考。“三”与“three”在文学作品以及人类日常生活中频繁出现,使用的领域也十分广泛。它们在英汉双语教学与英汉互译中通常都是被看作意义相等同的两个数词来使用。特别是汉语中的“三”,通常会出现很多与其原本意义不相同的用法。“三”和“three”在哲学中都是具有神圣意义的词,虽然很多哲学家关于“三”和“three”的本意已经有过深刻的研究,但从语法化角度的研究却是凤毛麟角,而英汉对比研究就更加缺乏先例。所以对其作出系统详细语法化对比研究具有比较重要的意义。本论文通过“三”和“three”的语法化对比研究,分析二者的相同点与不同点,对掌握汉语和英语之间的不同之处,熟悉汉语和英语的不同特征具有重要意义,为语言的恰当运用提供帮助,同时对英汉双语教学以及英汉互译也可以起到一定的参考作用。经研究发现,“三”与“three”有类似的发展轨迹和机制,它们在最初都表示数目。然而,经过漫长的语法化过程,为满足表达方面的需要,就逐渐有了其它的意义。在这个过程中,隐喻过程作为认知心理和演变机制起到了很重要的作用,二者在语义扩展和语用功能上基本相同。然而,两者在语法化后的程度和意义却大相径庭。在从实指到虚指的过程中,“三”被作为一种计量单位,也就是事成于三;“three”被用来表达极限或者极端的意思。在虚指到虚指的过程中,“三”产生了很多意思,“三”作为形容词可以表示“多数”,“少数”,“多次”,以及“长和短”;“three”用于表达“多数”和“少数”的比较多,数量远远不及“三”。在更加虚化的过程中,“三”转化成指示代词,尤其是在“A三B四”的结构里,表示“这”或者“那”;“three”已经演变成了词缀“tri-”,它的语法化程度要高于“三”。这些结果的产生受很多因素的影响。不同国家、地域间使用的语言虽然多种多样,但都具有相似的特征。因为人类自身拥有相类似的认知心理和认知方法,所以不同的语言在一些方面是相似并相通的可能性非常大。然而,汉语和英语所属语系不同,汉语属汉藏语系,英语属印欧语系日耳曼语族西支,其不同之处自然很多。汉语是一种分析型语言,依靠语序和虚词把词语组合成句子。相反,英语是综合型语言,词缀的不同变化形式非常重要。汉语为了表达的需要经常使一些词出现新的意义,或出现一种新的搭配方式。再来看英语,变换词缀就可以解决所有表达方面的问题。此外,中西方迥异的文化背景和历史进程对语言进化也有着十分重要的影响。
[Abstract]:The concept of grammaticalization is introduced from abroad. Grammaticalization is used as a term, first raised by the French linguist Meillet, referring to a linguistic phenomenon of the transformation of independent words to grammatical elements. Grammaticalization is based on people's cognitive ability, related to people's subjectivity, mainly refers to the evolution from the notional word to function word. The main content of it includes three aspects: one is the grammaticalization research; two is the discourse grammar study and pragmatic grammaticalization; three is the proposition of schema and aspect markers, syntactical grammaticalization. Grammaticalization is an important theory and thought in the study of linguistics. At present, the study of grammaticalization has also developed greatly. In addition, the syntax of the scope of the study than the original grammaticalization research is more extensive, richer, more diverse methods. At present, the research on the normalization of the number of words is not much, and the comparative analysis between China and Britain is less and less, so it is necessary to do this research. Through the comparative study of "grammar of San" and "three", to a certain extent the number of Grammalicalization content, provide a reference for the related research on the. "Three" and "three" are frequently used in literary works and human daily life, and are widely used in the field. In both English and Chinese bilingual teaching and English Chinese translation, they are usually used as two numerals, which are regarded as equal in meaning. In particular, "three" in Chinese, often there are many uses that are different from their original meaning. "Three" and "three" are all sacred words in philosophy. Although many philosophers have had a deep study of the meaning of "three" and "three", the research from the perspective of grammaticalization is very rare. So it is of great significance to make a systematic and grammaticalization comparison. This paper through the comparative study of "grammaticalization three" and "three" analysis, two of the same and different points, to grasp the differences between Chinese and English, has important meaning familiar with the characteristics of Chinese and English, to provide help for the proper use of language, but also can play a certain reference role on the bilingual teaching and English Chinese translation. It has been found that "three" and "three" have similar development trajectories and mechanisms, which initially represent the number. However, through a long process of grammaticalization, in order to meet the needs of expression, there are other meanings gradually. In this process, the metaphorical process plays an important role as the cognitive psychology and the evolution mechanism, and the two are basically the same in the semantic extension and the pragmatic function. However, the degree and significance of the two are different after grammaticalization. In the process from the real to the virtual, "three" is used as a unit of measurement, that is, three; "three" is used to express the meaning of extreme or extreme. In virtual refers to the process of virtual means, "three" has many meanings, "three" as an adjective can be said that "most", "minority", "times", and "long and short"; "three" is used to express the "majority" and "minority" more, far less than the number of "three". In the process of more emptiness, "three" is transformed into the demonstrative pronoun, especially in the structure of "A three B four", which means "this" or "Na". "Three" has evolved into the affix "tri-", its grammaticalization degree is higher than "three". The production of these results is influenced by many factors. Although the languages used in different countries and regions are varied, they all have similar characteristics. Because human beings own similar cognitive psychology and cognitive methods, different languages are very likely to be similar and interconnected in some ways. However, the Chinese and English language families are different. Chinese belongs to the Chinese Tibetan language family, and the English belongs to the West Branch of the Germanic Germanic language family of the Indo European language family. Chinese is an analytical language, which combines word order and function word into sentences. On the contrary, English is a comprehensive language, and the different forms of affixes are very important. Chinese in order to express the needs of some words often make new meaning, or appear a new way of collocation. Look at English again. Changing affixes can solve all the problems of expression. In addition, the different cultural backgrounds and historical processes in China and the West have a very important influence on the evolution of language.
【学位授予单位】：长沙理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：H146;H314

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