汉语析取联结词“或者”儿童习得研究

发布时间：2018-01-20 06:49

本文关键词： 汉语儿童语言获得析取联结词单调向下蕴含　出处：《湘潭大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：逻辑联结词的研究是近年来儿童语言获得研究的一个热点问题。在成人语法中,析取联结词“或者”在单调向下蕴含语境与非单调向下蕴含语境中的解读在各语言中均存在着普遍非对称性(SuCrain 631)。本研究通过真值条件判断任务法,旨在探索3-6岁汉语儿童对这两种语境中的析取联结词的理解,并比较他们与成人理解的异同。在经典逻辑和形式语义上,析取联结词通常被理解为“兼容或”(Cihai 2455;Chen Aihua 87;Chen Bo 52;Cheng 73;Yang 13-5;Cann 68;Crain et al 2000:49;Fang 77-81;Kearns 28;Partee et al 103-4);而在语用上,析取联结词倾向于被理解为“不兼容或”(Levinson 139-40)。造成这种差异的原因主要是经典逻辑和形式语义学处理的对象一般是理想语言或人工语言,而语用学处理的对象通常是日常语言或自然语言。后者会受到会话合作原则及等级含义理论等语用因素的影响,而前者不会。单调向下蕴含是一种普遍存在于各种语言的核心语义属性,自然语言中的等级含义在单调向下蕴含语境中会被取消(Su and Crain 2013;Su 2014)。因此,在单调向下蕴含语境中,析取联结词得到“兼容或”的逻辑解读,而在非单调向下蕴含语境中,析取联结词得到“不兼容或”的语用解读。本研究通过三个实验,具体考察汉语儿童解读析取联结词“或者”的三个问题:第一:汉语儿童会对析取联结词“或者”作“兼容或”解读还是“不兼容或”解读?即汉语儿童在理解析取联结词“或者”时更倾向经典逻辑解读还是语用解读?第二:汉语儿童是否区分单调向下蕴含与非单调向下蕴含的不同特点?第三:3-6岁汉语儿童对析取联结词“或者”的语义的理解是先天存在于大脑的还是后天从环境中学会的?研究发现3-6岁的汉语儿童与成人存在差异,他们不但将单调向下蕴含语境中的析取联结词理解为“兼容或”,而且将非单调向下蕴含语境中的析取联结词也理解为“兼容或”。这说明该年龄段儿童对等级含义不如成人敏感,他们倾向于对析取联结词作经典逻辑解读。尽管汉语儿童倾向于对单调向下蕴含语境与非单调向下蕴含语境中的析取联结词都作“兼容或”解读,但他们并不认为这两种语境的语义特征是完全一致的。这表明汉语儿童在语言发展的早期阶段就能认识到单调向下蕴含语境的核心语义特征。这一结论验证了SuCrain(2013)和Su(2014)的研究。本实验研究不支持Tomasello提出的Usage-based Model,而支持Stephen Crain的逻辑先天论或Chomsky的普遍语法。因为儿童在语言发展早期阶段倾向于对析取联结词“或者”作经典逻辑解读,而且这种解读并不是基于成人的语言输入。成人倾向于对非单调向下蕴含语境中的析取联结词作“不兼容或”解读,而儿童坚持“兼容或”解读,这说明早期儿童对析取联结词的理解并不是基于对语言输入的统计学习,而是基于先天存在于大脑中的逻辑语义知识。
[Abstract]:The research of logical connectives is a hot issue of child language acquisition in recent years. In the adult grammar, disjunctive word "or" in the context of non monotonic and monotonic downward entailing downward interpretation in the context of contained in each language are generally non symmetry (SuCrain 631). This study through the true value the condition judgment task, in order to explore the Chinese children aged 3-6 understanding of the two kinds of disjunctive connectives in the context of the similarities and differences, and compare them with adults understand. In classical logic and formal semantics, disjunctive connectives is usually understood as "compatible or" (Cihai 2455; Chen Aihua 87; Chen Bo 52; Cheng 73; Cann 68; Crain Yang 13-5; et al 2000:49; Fang 77-81; Kearns 28; Partee et al; 103-4) in pragmatics, disjunctive connectives tend to be understood as "incompatible or" (Levinson 139-40). The cause of this kind of difference is mainly Classical logic and formal semantics processing object is the ideal language or artificial language, and the object of pragmatic processing usually everyday language or natural language. The latter will be affected by the cooperative principle and theory of scalar implicature pragmatic factors, but not the former. To contain monotone semantic attribute is the core of a widespread in various the level of language, meaning in natural language in the context of monotone down contains will be cancelled (Su and Crain 2013; Su 2014). Therefore, in the context of downward monotonic implication, logical interpretation of disjunctive connectives are "compatible or", while in the non monotonic downward implication in the context of disjunctive connectives "pragmatic the interpretation is not compatible or". Three experiments, specific study of Chinese children's interpretation of disjunctive connectives "or" three questions: First: Chinese children of disjunctive connected words "or "As" or "compatible or incompatible" interpretation or interpretation of Chinese children? In the analysis of word "or" more likely interpretation of classical logic or pragmatic interpretation? Second: Chinese children to identify whether a monotone downward entailing different characteristics and non monotonic downward entailing? Third: Chinese children aged 3-6 for semantic understanding disjunctive connectives "or" is congenital or acquired in the brain from the school environment? The research has discovered that Chinese children and adults aged 3-6 are different, they will not only contain disjunctive connectives monotone downward in the context of understanding is "compatible or", and the non monotone disjunctive connectives in the context of it down is understood as "compatible or". This shows that the age of the child is sensitive to level meaning than adults, they tend to be the classic interpretation of disjunctive logic connectives. Although Chinese children tend to The monotonic and nonmonotonic context contains down down disjunctive connectives in the context of which are "compatible or" interpretation, but they do not think the semantic features of these two kinds of contexts is exactly the same. This shows that Chinese children in the early stages of language development can realize monotonous to the core semantic features contained this context. A conclusion of SuCrain (2013) and Su (2014) of the study. This study does not support the Tomasello of Usage-based Model, Stephen Crain and universal grammar support the logic of Nativism or Chomsky. Because of the tendency of children to disjunctive connectives "or" interpretation of classical logic in the early stages of language development, and this the interpretation is not based on the linguistic input. Adults tend to contain non monotone disjunctive connectives down in the context of "incompatible or" interpretation, and adhere to the "compatible or children" Interpretation shows that early children's understanding of disjunctive connectives is not based on the statistical learning of language input, but based on the logical and semantic knowledge inherent in the brain.

【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：H193.1

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