汉语焦点结构的生成语法研究

发布时间：2018-03-20 10:05

本文选题：汉语焦点结构　切入点：句法结构　出处：《中南大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本论文试图在生成语法理论框架下探讨现代汉语三种焦点结构的句法表现特征、句法结构和句法生成。文章旨在通过对三种焦点结构相关问题的分析和探讨挖掘汉语焦点结构的共同内在句法特征,借此希望能用本论文的研究成果解释复杂的汉语焦点现象,并对今后汉语焦点的生成语法研究尽点绵薄之力。本论文中分析的三种汉语焦点结构为：“是”字结构、“连…都/也”结构和“只有…才”结构。本文详细考察和分析了这三种结构的语言事实,在此基础上对这三种结构的句法分布和句法限制进行总结和概括,并对其表现出来的相关特征进行了对比研究。结果表明,这三种焦点结构的句法表现存在很多共性。鉴于此,在Rizzi (1997) CP-分裂假设的基础上,本文假设汉语焦点结构的句法结构为：[TopP...[FocP...[IP...[VP...]]]],并认为这三种焦点结构是在该句法结构的基础上衍生而来。根据该结构,在“是”字结构、“连…都/也”结构和“只有…才”结构中,焦点标记“是”,句式“连…都/也”、和“只有…才”在句法生成过程中,受焦点化特征[+F]的驱使直接从词库中抽取,“是”、“都/也”和“才”占据焦点短语FocP的功能中心语位置。在“连…都/也”结构和“只有…才”结构中,焦点范畴化标记“连”和“只有”分别与焦点化成分合并,然后一起占据焦点短语FocP的标志语位置,形成标志语-中心语结构位置关系,在遵循Chomsky (1995)的核查一致假设(Checking Uniformity Hypothesis, CUH)的条件下相互核查各自的不可解释性焦点化特征[+F],以满足充分解释原则(Principle of Full Interpretation, FI),最终使句法表征会聚(converge)。根据核查一致假设,特征核查在满足标志语-中心语或者中心语-附加语结构位置关系的条件下得以允准。但在“是”字结构中,“是”前置于焦点化成分,也就是说,焦点中心语“是”与焦点化成分的结构位置关系既无法形成标志语-中心语关系更无法形成中心语-附加语关系。那么,该结构中的焦点化特征[+F]在计算系统中如何进行核查?本文认为“是”字结构中的焦点化特征[+F]进行“长距离”特征核查。但“长距离”限制在中心语“是”的成分统制(constituent-command)范围之内。文章在理论上和经验上对该假设进行了论证。理论上“长距离”特征核查与Chomsky(1995)的最小连接性条件(Minimalist Link Condition)相符,并与其(Chomsky(2000,2001,2004))关于特征核查的精神一致。经验上,Simpson (2000)关于伊拉克-阿拉伯语(Iraqi-Arabic) wh问句中[+wh]特征核查的事实为该假设提供了证据。宾语焦点位移(object focus shift)是焦点结构的典型特征。在“连…都/也”结构和“只有…才”结构中,宾语焦点除表现出位移特征外,还表现出置换(scrambling)特征。位移后的焦点宾语既可前置于主语也可后置于主语,在“连…都/也”结构中形成“主语+连-宾语+都/也”结构或“连-宾语+主语+都/也”结构。本文认为这两种结构虽然有类似的语义内容,其句法生成有细微差异。在“连-宾语+主语+都/也”结构中,“连-宾语”完成了焦点化特征核查之后继续进行移位,最终占据主题短语TopP的标志语位置。而在“主语+连-宾语+都/也”结构中,“连-宾语”在完成焦点化特征核查之后不再移位,最终占据焦点短语FocP的标志语位置。语言事实表明,“只有…才”结构也表现出类似句法特征。因此,本文讨论的三种焦点结构表现出来的句法特征共性和个性并存。普遍认为置换现象出现在形态特征和标记丰富的语言(如德语)中,而汉语被认为是一门形态特征和标记贫瘠的语言。本文通过对“连…都/也”结构和“只有…才”结构的分析,认为这两种焦点结构中置换现象的存在归因于焦点范畴化标记“连”和“只有”的存在。汉语的焦点表示方式主要为添加焦点标记,即用形态方式表示焦点。因此,本文的分析得出的结论为：汉语并非形态特征贫瘠,至少在焦点表示方式上,其形态表现方式颇为显著。此外,本文在对三种焦点结构的句法特征进行分析的基础上,提出了新的焦点准则(Foc-criteria)。本文从理论和经验上对其进行了论证,并认为其比ErnstWang (1995)和Shyu(2001)提出的焦点准则在解释汉语焦点现象上更充分。本论文在生成语法理论框架下对汉语焦点结构进行系统分析和研究,为汉语焦点现象及焦点结构的研究提供了新的研究视角,同时扩充了汉语焦点的研究内容。研究结果证明了生成语法理论的有效性和普遍性。
[Abstract]:This paper attempts to explore the syntactic features of modern Chinese three focus structure in the framework of generative grammar, syntactic structure and generation. This paper aims to analyze and discuss the problems related to the three focus structure mining common internal syntactic features of Chinese focus structure, hoping to explain the complex phenomena of Chinese focus with the research results the paper, and all contribute to the point of future research focus of Chinese grammar.
In this paper, the three Chinese focus structures are the "yes" structure, "even..." All / also "structure and" only... Only "structure. This paper investigated and analyzed the structure of these three kinds of linguistic facts, on the basis of the three kinds of syntactic distribution and syntactic constraints are summed up and summarized, and the related features shown are studied. The results showed that the three focus node has many syntactic structure common. In view of this, in the Rizzi (1997) based on the assumption of the CP- division, assuming that the syntactic structure of modern Chinese focus structure is: [TopP... [FocP... [IP... [VP... For, and that the three types of focus structure is based on the syntactic structure of the derived. According to the structure, in the" yes "the word structure," even... All / also "structure and" only... In the "only" structure, the focus mark "is", the sentence "even..." All / also, and "only..." Only in the syntactic generation process, driven by Focus Features of [+F] extracted directly from the lexicon, "yes", "/" and "only" occupy the focus phrase FocP function position. "Even in the center of language... All / also "structure and" only... Only "structure, focus category marked" even "and" only "respectively and focus components merge, and then together occupy the focus FocP the specifier position, form the sign language center position in language structure, followed by Chomsky (1995) verification (Checking Uniformity Hypothesis, consistent with the assumption of CUH) under the condition of the mutual verification of the respective non explanation focus characteristics of [+F], in order to meet fully the principles of interpretation (Principle of Full Interpretation, FI), the convergence of syntactic representation (converge). According to the verification of consistency hypothesis, feature checking in sign language or Language Center - meet Center - adjunct structure position under the condition of grant but in the" is "structure," is "in front of the focus of the composition, that is to say, the focus words" is "structure position and focus component relationship cannot form a sign - Language Center The relationship can not form the center word - adjuncts. So, the focus characteristics of [+F] in this structure how to check in a computing system? This paper argues that the "focus" features of [+F] word structure in the "long distance" feature checking. But the "c-command long distance limit" in the center of the words "yes" the (constituent-command) range. Based on the theory and experience of this hypothesis are discussed. The theory of "long distance" feature checking and Chomsky (1995) the minimum connectivity conditions (Minimalist Link Condition) match, and (Chomsky (200020012004)) on the characteristics of the same spirit. Verification experience, Simpson (2000) on Iraq - Arabic (Iraqi-Arabic) [+wh] wh questions in fact feature checking provides evidence for the hypothesis.
The object focus displacement (object focus shift) is a typical feature of the focus structure. All / also "structure and" only... In the structure of "object", object focus not only shows displacement characteristics, but also shows displacement (scrambling) characteristics. After displacement, the focus object can be placed in front of the subject or in the subject. Have / "structure in the formation of" subject + object + / - even are also "or" even subject + object + / - are also "structure. This two kinds of structure although have similar semantic content, the syntactic generation have subtle differences. In" object + subject + are also / "structure," even after the completion of the object of focus feature checking continue to shift, eventually occupy the subject phrase the specifier position of TopP. In the "subject + object + / - even are also" structure, "even the object after the completion of the focus feature checking no longer shift, eventually occupy the focus the phrase FocP signs. The language facts show that only"... It also showed a similar syntactic structure. Therefore, this paper discusses the three types of focus structure show the syntactic features of commonness and individuality coexist. Generally believe that the replacement phenomenon appears in the morphological characteristics and markers of rich language (such as German), while Chinese is considered to be a form of character and mark barren language. Based on the "... All / also "structure and" only... Analysis of "structure, that the two kinds of replacement in the focus structure is attributed to the presence of the focus category marked" even "and" only ". The focus of Chinese representation is mainly added focus marker with morphological representation of focus. Therefore, this paper analysis the conclusion is: the Chinese is not morphological characteristics of poor, at least in the focus representation, the form of expression is quite remarkable.
In addition, this article analyses the syntactic features of three types of focus structure, put forward the focus of the new criterion (Foc-criteria). Based on the theory and experience on the demonstration, and that the ratio of ErnstWang (1995) and Shyu (2001) focus criterion is proposed in the interpretation of Chinese focus on the phenomenon of more fully.
This paper carries on analysis and Research on Chinese focus structure in the generative grammar framework, provides a new perspective for the study of Chinese focus phenomenon and focus structure, at the same time to expand the research contents of Chinese focus. The results proved that the theory of generative grammar is effective and universal.

【学位授予单位】：中南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

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