口头禅：类别、机制与功能

发布时间：2018-04-27 11:25

本文选题：口头禅 + 语法化　；参考：《上海外国语大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：口头禅是一种司空见惯又别具一格的语言现象，但是目前语言学界有关口头禅现象的研究屈指可数。这一方面是由于人们的认知所致，一般把口头禅看作是经常挂在嘴边无足轻重或华而不实的点缀甚至赘疣，这一认知也被已出版的《辞海》、《辞源》等权威辞典的词条释义所印证，因此学界长期忽视这一特殊的语言形式。另一方面，口头禅的表现形式和语言特征过于庞杂，似乎缺乏研究所需的明确且有章可循的语言对象，造成系统研究无法有效开展并取得突破。本文从话语语义虚化的视角出发，，归纳了口头禅的主要特征，并对其进行了分类，在此基础上分析了不同口头禅产生的机制与动因，功能与影响。这一系统的语言学研究有助于人们重视并重新认识口头禅现象。第一，口头禅的分类。口头禅具有高频复现和脱口而出的特点，频率是促使语言发生变化的神奇推手，在高频输出并成为口头禅的过程中，有些话语的语义得到强化，而有些话语的语义逐渐淡化甚至高度虚化，这就产生了不同类别的口头禅。根据语义的虚化程度，本文把口头禅分为三类，即语法化口头禅、语用化口头禅和习语类口头禅。在虚化程度上走得最远的是语法化口头禅，词语的意义已高度虚化，如口头禅“这个”、“那个”、“然后”、“完了”等；其次是语用化口头禅，意义更多地转向语用意义和主观意图，语义出现不同程度的淡化或泛化，如口头禅“随便”、“差不多”及大部分脏话类口头禅等；语义上保留本色的是习语类口头禅，这类口头禅从意义和功能上分析与话语的原本用法并无二致，如朗朗上口的广告语、谚语和口号等。口头禅的这三种形式或发展阶段是以语义的虚化程度为划分标准，虚化过程是统一的连续统，有时它们之间并没有明确的界线。对口头禅进行分类和定义是口头禅研究的出发点，有助于我们明确口头禅的不同表现形式，更好地把握口头禅的实质。第二，口头禅产生的机制与动因。口头禅的产生是语言选择和顺应的结果，是主客观因素共同推动的产物，受语言发展规律和使用规律的支配，包括说话者心理认知因素、社会文化因素以及语言和言语的变化模式都会影响口头禅的产生。分析口头禅产生的机制和动因可让我们充分认识到口头禅绝不是无心之语，归根结底是一种选择性的言语行为。大部分语法化口头禅脱胎于话语标记语，是说话者出于话语表述过程中衔接与连贯的期待，是开启或转换话题、控制或流转话轮的需要。大部分语用化口头禅受社会因素，如地域、性别、年龄、阶层、职业、教育、科技文化发展等因素的影响，又得益于现代传媒技术推波助澜。就语言自身因素对口头禅的影响而言，语言接触会导致新词的流行并生成普遍性的口头禅，而语言的模因机制更是让某些话语在群体和个人言语系统中大量复制并以口头禅的形式得到输出。第三，口头禅的功能与影响。口头禅作为语言现象，有形式也有功能。口头禅作为言语交际活动中的载体之一，承载着Halliday（1994）所说的概念功能、人际功能和篇章功能这三大语言功能，只是在不同语境中有所侧重。一般而言，我们认为语法化口头禅更多地体现语篇功能，起到组织语篇、掌控话轮、填充空白以及说话者所期望达成的衔接与连贯等话语标记语的作用；语用化口头禅和习语类口头禅更多地起到概念功能和人际功能，它们语义没有（完全）虚化，是体现鲜明的意识程度和（交互）主观化的语言表达式，传递说话者的信息意图和情感意图，有时具有一定的修辞属性。口头禅的功能分析是口头禅研究的落脚点，有助于我们了解这一语言现象的实质和作用，也是对辞典中“口头禅”这一词条释义的颠覆和再认识。另一方面，过度使用口头禅会造成话语拖沓、离散和乏味，这是口头禅给语言表达带来的消极影响，研究去口头禅化目的是为了语言表达更加紧凑简练，更加生动活泼，更富表现力和感染力。这对公共演讲能力的培养具有指导意义。总之，口头禅这一语言现象涉及句法学、语义学、语用学以及方言学、历史语言学、社会语言学、篇章语言学、认知语言学和应用语言学等多个语言学的分支，也与传播学互有交集，是一个内涵丰富、饶有趣味的新课题。口头禅并不是无心之语或无用之点缀，我们期待更多的语言研究关注口头禅，以此推动辞典词条释义的完善以及人们对这一特殊语言现象的重视和再认识。
[Abstract]:On the other hand , as a result of the cognition of people ' s cognition , it is often regarded as an inconsequential or infirm spot in the mouth , and it seems that the academic circle has long neglected the special language form . On the other hand , it has been published and classified . On the other hand , the linguistic study of the system helps people to attach importance to and re - understand the phenomenon of oral meditation .

In the process of high - frequency output and becoming an oral meditation , the semantic of some words is strengthened , and the semantic of some words is gradually watered down and even highly virtual . According to the degree of emptiness of the semantics , the meaning of the words has been highly functional , such as the " this " , " the " , " then " and " finished " of the words .
Secondly , it is the pragmatic meaning and the subjective intention , and the semantic appears different degrees of dilution or generalization , such as the " casual " , " almost " and most of the dirty words , and the like ;
There is no clear distinction between the meaning and function of this kind of interpretation and the original usage of the discourse , such as the advertising language , the proverb , the slogan , etc . The three forms or stages of development are the unification of the degree of the semantic and the unification , and sometimes there is no definite boundary between them . The classification and definition of the oral meditation is the starting point of the research of the oral and the Zen . It can help us to make clear the different manifestations of the oral Zen and better grasp the essence of the oral Zen .

Second , the mechanism and motivation of oral meditation are the result of language selection and adaptation , which is the result of language selection and adaptation . It is a kind of selective speech act . The mechanism and motivation of discourse analysis are influenced by the factors such as geographical , gender , age , class , occupation , education , science and technology culture . Most of the pragmatic oral Zen is influenced by social factors such as geographical , gender , age , class , occupation , education , science and technology culture .

As one of the carriers in the speech communication activities , it carries the three major functions of conceptual function , interpersonal function and text function , which are described by halday ( 1994 ) .
There are more conceptual functions and interpersonal functions , and their semantic doesn ' t have ( complete ) blurring . It is a language expression that embodies vivid awareness degree and ( interactive ) subjective language , conveys the information intention and emotion intention of the speaker , and sometimes has certain rhetorical attributes . The function analysis of the oral Zen is the foothold of the research of the oral Zen . It also helps us understand the essence and function of this language phenomenon , and it is also the subversion and re - recognition of the meaning of the word " oral meditation " in the dictionary .

On the other hand , excessive use of the oral meditation will cause the words to be dragged , discrete and tedious , which is the negative influence of the oral meditation on the language expression . The purpose of the study is to make the language expression more compact and concise , more vivid , more expressive and infectious . This is of guiding significance to the cultivation of public speaking ability .

In short , the phenomenon of oral meditation involves a few branches of linguistics such as syntax , semantics , pragmatics and linguistics , historical linguistics , social linguistics , discourse linguistics , cognitive linguistics and applied linguistics . It is a new subject with rich connotation and interesting taste .

【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H136.4

【参考文献】