香港粤语语调初探

发布时间：2018-05-06 20:36

本文选题：语调格局 + 焦点句　；参考：《南开大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本研究以语调格局理论为基础,从最基本的声学参数音高、时长入手,通过起伏度和停延率,对香港粤语四位发音人三种句型五种语气,共540个样品句的语句、进行全面深入地研究。根据石锋[32]语调层级的理论,本文对香港粤语不同的语调层级进行了细致的考察。本文以语调格局为主线,以语调层级对比的方法进行研究。具体来说,以陈述句(自然焦点句)作为基本模式,无标记疑问句及焦点句等为变化模式。从三个层面进行考察分析,并与普通话相应句型的语调进行对比。从研究结果可以看出香港粤语陈述句、无标记疑问句和焦点句的语调格局与普通话语调格局的共性和差别。主要创新点如下： a)陈述句句末音节的音高是表现全句语气信息的焦点。由于音高下倾和降阶的作用,语句整体呈现音高下倾趋势。句末末字通过边界调的降低,调域的扩展表现出陈述句的韵律节奏和语气。数据表明,普通话语句调域、词调域、字调域均比香港粤语跨度大,二者调域的最大值均在句末词调域和末字的字调域。 b)舒声调的陈述句四位发音人平均停延率的排序：句末句首句中(1.301.061.00)。句末词调域、句首词调域末字的停延率分别比平均停延率提高了30%和6%,句中词调域末字没有提高。男性,女性发音人停延率的排序为：句末句首句中,男性句末,句首停延率分别比平均停延率提高了24%和6%，，句中没有提高。女性句末,句首停延率分别比平均停延率提高了36%和6%,句中没有提高。句末词调域末字音高的显著提高和调域的扩展,时长的延长是香港粤语陈述句语调格局的重要特征。 c)香港粤语无标记疑问句以句末末字音高的提高,调域的扩展,时长的延长来表达疑问语气。正像赵元任论及的上升的结尾调并不影响整个结构的语调型式,只影响最后一个音节里的浊音部分。其本身并无音位,要寄生在最后一个语位上。疑问语调先把降调或平调单字调的音高和调形进行调节,以疑问语调的音高和调型输出。如果原来是升调的末字,前段重合叠加,后段声调的斜率上升。最后一个音节的字调和语调完全融为一体。从10个音节音高的起伏曲线来看,发现句首收敛准备,逐渐缓慢上升,从第8和第9个音节的音高开始上升,末字不是孤立地突然上升。这也是符合生理及能量释放规律的。不同的声调,疑问语调提高的幅度不同。男性舒声调末字比左边相邻音节的音高提高了43%,女性提高了49.5%。低调值的末字提高的较多,高调值的末字提高的较少。句末末字时长的延长是疑问语气的重要标志,6个舒声调末字的停延率从1.36到1.69均有显著延长。舒声调句末末字停延率比左侧相邻音节的停延率延长了0.54,绝对时长平均延长了132毫秒,比相应陈述句平均绝对时长延长了57毫秒。 d)香港粤语和普通话,均以自然焦点句(陈述句),句首、句中和句末不同位置的焦点句作为对比标量。香港粤语舒声调四种焦点句焦点词调域音高百分比的排序：句末焦点句首焦点自然焦点句中焦点(84757166)。普通话四种焦点句词调域的排序：句首焦点句中焦点句末焦点自然焦点(94897761)。普通话句首焦点词调域最宽,自然焦点句句末词调域最窄。香港粤语则是句末焦点句句末词调域最宽,句中焦点词调域最窄,二者焦点词调域的表现完全不同。从对比中发现,粤语句末词调域比普通话宽7个百分点。普通话句首焦点句的句首词调域比香港粤语句首词调域宽19个百分点。香港粤语和普通话四种焦点句词调域音高的对比有两点差别：(1)香港粤语句末焦点句的词调域最宽,普通话句首焦点句的词调域最宽。香港粤语自然焦点句、句末焦点句的句末词调域比普通话宽。(2)普通话句首焦点句、句中焦点句所在的焦点词调域发生了最大化扩展,焦点后音高骤降,调域大幅度压缩。香港粤语没有这些特征。这一特点与Chen,S.W.,Wang,B.,＆Xu,Y.和王玲、王蓓等研究的结论一致。即汉语普通话及印欧语系中大部分语言焦点词调域最大化扩展,焦点后音高骤降,调域压缩。这与普通话长期与满语蒙语接触受阿尔泰语系的影响有关。台湾的国语、闽南话,德昂语布雷方言,香港粤语均无这些特点,可能与语言类型有关。香港粤语和普通话的时长均以自然焦点句(陈述句),句首、句中和句末不同位置的焦点为对比参量。香港粤语舒声调四位发音人四种焦点句焦点词调域停延率的排序为：句末焦点句首焦点句中焦点自然焦点(1.141.111.101.06)。普通话10位发音人四种焦点词停延率的排序为：句末焦点句首焦点句中焦点自然焦点(1.101.081.041.03)。香港粤语和普通话四种焦点句焦点词时长的顺序相同,证明同类型焦点句具有相同的韵律特征。香港粤语和普通话强调焦点句焦点词都发生了延长,同类焦点句焦点词延长的百分比顺序相同。
[Abstract]:This study, based on the tone pattern theory, starts with the most basic acoustic pitch and time length, through the fluctuation and the stopping rate, makes a thorough and thorough study of the three sentence patterns of four Cantonese Cantonese in Hongkong and Cantonese, with a total of 540 sentence patterns. According to the theory of the stone front [32] tone level, the different languages of Hongkong Cantonese are made in this paper. This paper takes the tone pattern as the main line and makes a study of the tone level contrast method. In particular, it takes the declarative sentence (Natural Focus sentence) as the basic model, the unmarked question sentence and the focus sentence as the changing mode. The analysis is carried out from three levels, and the intonation of the corresponding sentence patterns in Putonghua is carried out. From the results of the study, we can see the similarities and differences between the intonation patterns of Hongkong Cantonese declarative sentences, unmarked interrogative sentences and focus sentences and the pattern of Putonghua intonation. The main innovations are as follows:
A) stated that the pitch of the sentence at the end of the sentence is the focus of the expression of the full sentence tone information. Due to the effect of the pitch down and order reduction, the sentence overall presents the downward trend of the pitch. The end of the sentence is reduced by the boundary tone, and the extension of the area shows the rhythmic rhythm and tone of the declarative sentence. Hongkong has a large span of Cantonese, and the maximum value of the two domains is at the end of the sentence and the tone area of the last word.
B) the order of the average stopping rate of the four pronouns in the statement sentence of the sounding tone: the end sentence of the sentence (1.301.061.00). The end of the sentence region of the sentence, the stopping rate of the end of the sentence is increased by 30% and 6%, respectively, and the end of the phrase in the sentence is not improved. At the end of the sentence, the rate of sentence head stopping rate increased by 24% and 6% respectively, and the sentence was not raised in the sentence. At the end of the sentence, the rate of sentence head stopping rate increased by 36% and 6%, and the sentence was not raised in the sentence. The significant improvement of the pitch of the end of the sentence at the end of the sentence and the extension of the range and the lengthening of the time length were the important features of the intonation pattern of Hongkong Cantonese.
C) Hongkong Cantonese unmarked interrogative sentences, with the elevation of the end of the end of the sentence, the extension of the tune, the lengthening of the time to express the interrogative mood, just like the rising ending of Zhao Yuanren's argument does not affect the tone pattern of the whole structure and only affects the voiced part of the last syllable. It itself has no phoneme, and is to be parasitized on the last language. The intonation of interrogative intonation regulates the pitch and shape of the tone of the lower or flat tone in the tone of the interrogative tone. If it is the last word of the tone, the front segment overlaps and the slope of the later tone rises. The tone and tone of the last syllable are completely integrated. From the fluctuation curve of the 10 syllable pitch, the discovery sentence is found. The first convergence, gradually rising, began to rise slowly from the pitch of the eighth and ninth syllables, and the last word was not suddenly rising in isolation. It was also in line with the laws of physiological and energy release. Different tones, the interrogative intonation increased by 43%, and the height of the male tone was 43% higher than that of the left contiguous syllable, and the female raised the lower 49.5%.. The end word of the value is raised more, and the end character of the high key is less. The lengthening of the end of the sentence is an important symbol of the interrogative mood. The stopping rate of the 6 sounding words has been greatly extended from 1.36 to 1.69. The stopping rate of the end of the sentence at the end of the sentence is longer than that of the left contiguous syllable by 0.54, and the absolute length lengthened by 132 milli. The second time is 57 milliseconds longer than the average absolute duration of the corresponding statement.
D) Hongkong Cantonese and Putonghua, both in the natural focus sentence (declarative sentence), in the first, and at the end of the sentence at the end of the sentence, as the contrast scalar. The ranking of the pitch percentage in the focus area of the four focus sentences in Hongkong Cantonese, the focus of the first focus of the sentence at the end of the sentence (84757166). The four focus sentences in Putonghua. Ranking is the natural focus of the focus of the focus sentence in the first focus sentence of the sentence (94897761). The first focus area of the Putonghua sentence is the most wide, and the end of the sentence of the natural focus sentence is the narrowest. The Hongkong Cantonese is the most wide area of the end focus sentence in the end of the sentence, the narrowest area of the focus in the sentence, the two focus area of the focus is completely different. From the contrast, the end of the Cantonese sentence is found. The tonal area is 7 percentage points wider than that of Mandarin. The first focus sentence of the first sentence of the Putonghua sentence is 19 percentage points wider than the Hongkong Cantonese sentence. There are two differences in the contrast of the pitch of the four focus sentences in Hongkong Cantonese and Putonghua: (1) the most wide range of the focus sentences at the end of the Hongkong Cantonese sentence, the most common in the first focus sentence of the Putonghua sentence. Hongkong Cantonese natural focus sentence, the end focus sentence of the end of the sentence is wider than Putonghua. (2) the first focus sentence of the Putonghua sentence, the focus sentence of the focus sentence in the sentence is maximized, the pitch falls suddenly, and the region is greatly compressed. There are no features in Hongkong Cantonese. This feature is with Chen, S.W., Wang, B., X u, Y. and Wang Ling, The conclusion of Wang Bei and other studies is consistent. That is, most of the language focus areas of Mandarin and Indo European languages are maximized, the pitch drops and the area is compressed after the focus. This is related to the influence of the Altai language system on the long term contact with the Manchu language in Mandarin, Taiwan, Minnan dialect and Hongkong Cantonese. Point, may be related to the type of language.
The time length of Hongkong Cantonese and Putonghua are both natural focus sentence (declarative sentence), first sentence, and the focus of different positions at the end of sentence and sentence at the end of the sentence. The ranking of the stopping rate of four focus sentences in the four pronouns in Hongkong Cantonese is as follows: the focus of the first focus sentence at the end of the sentence focus sentence (1.141.111.101.06). The 10 position of Putonghua. The ordering of the four focus words of the four focus words is: the focus of the focus sentence in the end of the sentence focus sentence (1.101.081.041.03). The order of the focus words of the four focus sentences in Hongkong Cantonese and Putonghua is the same, which proves that the same type of prosodic feature is found in the same type of focus sentence. Both Hongkong Cantonese and Putonghua emphasize the focus of the focus sentence. The same percentage of the focus words in the same focus sentence is extended.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H178

【参考文献】