历代印刷汉字及相关规范问题

发布时间：2018-05-21 01:05

本文选题：印刷汉字 + 汉字规范　；参考：《华东师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：印刷汉字是近代汉字的重要组成部分,属于楷字范畴。印刷汉字的研究价值首先是其在汉字规范领域所起到的作用,即一般认为的“印刷体总还可以作标准用的”。此看法流于主观。只有将印刷汉字放到汉字规范的视野之下,分析二者关系,厘清其中问题,才能充分发掘印刷汉字的价值,完善近代汉字的研究体系。汉字规范须具有官方背景。以此为标准,唐代为开成石经；五代十国时期亦为开成石经；宋代为宋本《玉篇》、《类篇》、《集韵》、《广韵》所构成的体系；明代为《洪武正韵》；清代为《康熙字典》。在此基础上,以一代汉字规范为标准,分析一代所抽样印刷字形的正俗,由此得到每一件印刷汉字的俗字率。之后,根据俗字率依次分析唐、五代十国、北宋、南宋、明、清六代印刷汉字与汉字规范之间的具体关系。最后进行整体总结,得到两个主要结论：第一,严格说来,只有五代十国时期刻印“九经”以及建国后颁布《印刷通用汉字字形表》之后的印刷汉字在一定程度上可被当作汉字规范；宽松来说,北宋、南宋的监本书籍由国家最高教育机构刊刻,俗字率普遍非常低,基本上也可以代表国家的汉字规范；至于明、清的监本,则不尽然。古代的活字印刷汉字俗字率参差不齐,也不能作为汉字规范,不过它在技术手段层面上促进了印刷汉字与汉字规范的合流。第二,印刷汉字在汉字规范传播与定型的过程中,起到了很大作用。五代十国时期刻印“九经”,促使了唐代所形成的汉字规范定型,基本确立了以后各代汉字规范的基本面貌。明代《洪武正韵》吸收了一些适于雕版印刷的字形,将之作为汉字规范。后来,这些字形与明代中后期形成的印刷宋体字合流。这种局面为清代《康熙字典》所继承,最终导致了汉字体系的一次转型：由原来手写汉字为主导的汉字体系转变为手写汉字体系与印刷体汉字体系并存的格局。这对之后的汉字规范乃至汉字整体的发展都产生了一定的影响。
[Abstract]:Printing Chinese characters is an important part of modern Chinese characters, belonging to the category of block characters. The research value of printed Chinese characters is, first of all, the role it plays in the field of Chinese character norms, that is, "printing can always be used as standard". This view is subjective. Only by putting printed Chinese characters under the vision of Chinese character norms, analyzing the relationship between them and clarifying the problems among them, can the value of printed Chinese characters be fully explored and the research system of modern Chinese characters be perfected. The specification of Chinese characters must have an official background. According to this standard, the Tang Dynasty is composed of stone scriptures; the five dynasties and ten kingdoms are also composed of stone scriptures; the Song Dynasty is composed of Song Ben < jade articles >, < class articles >, < collection rhyme >, < wide rhyme >; Ming Dynasty is "Hongwu Zhengyun"; Qing Dynasty is "Kangxi Dictionary". On the basis of this, the standard of Chinese characters is taken as the standard, and the common character rate of each printed Chinese character is obtained by analyzing the orthodoxy of the Chinese characters sampled by one generation. Then, according to the rate of common characters, the paper analyzes the concrete relationship between the printing Chinese characters and the norms of Chinese characters in the Tang, five dynasties, the Northern Song, the Southern Song, the Ming and the Qing dynasties. Finally, two main conclusions are obtained: First, strictly speaking, only the printing of the Nine Classics in the five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the publication of the print General Chinese characters form after the founding of the people's Republic of China can be regarded as Chinese characters to a certain extent; loosely speaking, the Northern Song Dynasty, The supervision books of the Southern Song Dynasty were printed by the country's highest educational institutions, and the vulgar character rate was generally very low, and basically it could also represent the Chinese characters of the country. As for the supervision of the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was not quite the case. In ancient times, the rate of Chinese characters in Chinese character is not uniform, and it can not be used as Chinese character standard, but it promotes the combination of printed Chinese character and Chinese character standard on the level of technical means. Second, printed Chinese characters play a great role in the process of Chinese character normative dissemination and finalization. The engraving of Nine Classics during the five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms prompted the Chinese character norm formed in the Tang Dynasty to be finalized, and basically established the basic features of the Chinese character norms of the later generations. Hongwu Zhengyun in Ming Dynasty absorbs some characters suitable for engraving printing. Later, these glyph formed with the late Ming Dynasty, the formation of the Chinese characters in the Song-style confluence. This situation was inherited by the Kangxi Dictionary in the Qing Dynasty, and finally led to a transformation of the Chinese character system: the Chinese character system, which was dominated by the original handwritten Chinese characters, was transformed into the coexistence of the handwritten Chinese character system and the printed Chinese character system. This has a certain impact on the development of Chinese character norms and even the overall development of Chinese characters.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H123

【参考文献】