象似性原则视角下英汉存现句的对比研究

发布时间：2018-06-02 01:46

本文选题：象似性 + 顺序象似性原则　；参考：《湘潭大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：存现句作为一种普遍使用的语言现象，一直以来受到中外学者的广泛关注。到目前为止，三种语言学即描写语言学、生成语言学和功能语言学对存现句进行了深入研究。卓有成效的研究丰富了我们对存现句结构的认识，但是大部分研究局限在存现句的语言内部结构，忽视了语言的外部影响因素。为此，本文以认知语言学的象似性为理论基础，基于句法、语义、语用对英汉存现句展开认知对比研究，旨在找出英汉两种语言在认知与语言结构上的映射关系，英汉存现句在象似性原则下的共性和差异以及人类在认识某地存在某物这一现象时思维是否具有共性。随着认知语言学的发展，认知语言学家发现语言的形式和内容（语言符号及其结构序列的能指和所指）之间的联系有着非任意的、有理据的、可论证的属性（吴为善199）。象似性是认知语言学中的一个重要理论，旨在发现语言结构与人的认知之间的关系，揭示语言结构与人类经验的直接映射关系。本文基于象似性原则，从语言的外部因素来解释语言的内部结构,对比分析了英汉存现句结构与认知概念之间所体现的四种映射关系。这四种映射关系即象似性的四条主要原则，包括：顺序象似性原则，距离象似性原则，数量象似性原则，标记象似性原则。这四种映射关系表明人类在认识“某地存在某物”这一事件时思维具有共性。首先，英汉存现结构都遵循戴浩一提出的“时间范围原则”（The Principle of Temporal Scope），即存现句中时空范畴小的成分总是位于时空范畴大的成分后；英汉存现句中信息结构分布遵循“时间顺序原则（The Principle of Temporal Sequence）”，即语言结构的顺序与事件发生的顺序一致。其次，英汉存现句中各个语言结构之间的距离与概念之间的距离相对应。存在客体以某种存在方式存在于某处，因此，存现句的三个基本成分之间的距离是一样的。再次，数量象似性原则表明存现结构越复杂，它们所对应的概念也相应复杂，并难以预测。最后，与无标记句相比，带有标记的句子往往通过改变句中结构位置或添加标志词来传递额外信息。研究发现，，英汉存现句在映射关系和思维上都具有共性，但由于两种语言属于不同语系，还是存在一些细微差异。英语存现句在认知上采取“移动客体”策略，句子遵循从小到大，部分到整体的顺序；汉语采取“移动自我”认知策略，顺序与英语正好相反。在数量象似性原则下，英语存现句的存在地点可省略，而汉语的存在地点必须出现，若省略也必须暗含在上下文中。汉语中可以通过标志词或结构移位来传递额外的信息。在对英汉存现句进行象似性原则分析的基础上，本文还探讨了英汉存现句的典型句式，名词组的不定性、不可预测性，以及存现句的信息分布。总之，本文致力于验证三个问题：（1）语言并不完全是任意的，语言结构与人类的认知经验结构存在着一定的映射关系；（2）在四种主要映射关系下，英汉存现句的共性大于差异性；（3）人类在认知“某地存在某物”这一事件时，思维存在共性。通过系统的研究，本文证明象似性原则可以对存现句结构作出一个比较合理、科学化的解释。从语言外部因素来考虑语言内部结构，有利于我们清楚认识语言与人类思维的关系，揭示语言的本质，有利于英汉两种语言的互译。
[Abstract]:As a common language phenomenon, existential sentences have been widely concerned by Chinese and foreign scholars. So far, three languages, descriptive linguistics, generative linguistics and functional linguistics, have been deeply studied. The fruitful research enriches our understanding of the structure of existential sentences, but most of the studies have been done. It is limited to the internal structure of the language of the existential sentence and ignores the external influence factors of the language. Therefore, this paper, based on the iconicity of cognitive linguistics, carries out a cognitive contrastive study on the English and Chinese existential sentences based on syntax, semantics and pragmatics, aiming to find out the mapping relationship between the two languages of English and Chinese in recognition and language structure, and the existential sentences in English and Chinese in the image The similarities and differences under the principle of similarity and whether there is universality in human understanding of the existence of something in a certain place.
With the development of cognitive linguistics, cognitive linguists have found that the relation between the form and content of language (language symbols and the signified and signified of the sequence of structures) has a non arbitrary, rational, demonstrable attribute (Wu Weishan 199). Iconicity is an important theory in cognitive linguistics, which aims to discover the structure of language and the recognition of people. The relationship between knowledge reveals the direct relationship between language structure and human experience.
Based on the iconicity principle, this paper explains the internal structure of language from the external factors of language, compares and analyzes four mapping relations between the existential sentence structure and the cognitive concept of English and Chinese. The four mapping relations are four main principles of iconicity, including the sequence iconicity principle, the distance iconicity principle, the quantity iconicity original. As a result, the principle of iconicity is marked.
These four mapping relations show that human beings have common thinking in understanding "something". First, the English and Chinese existential structures follow the "The Principle of Temporal Scope" proposed by Dai Hao, that is, the small spatial and temporal category in the existential sentence is always located in the large component of the space-time category; In the existential sentence, the distribution of information follows the "The Principle of Temporal Sequence", that is, the order of the language structure is in the same order as the sequence of events. Secondly, the distance between the various language structures in the English and Chinese existential sentences corresponds to the distance between the concepts and the object exists somewhere in a certain way of existence. Again, the distance between the three basic components of the existential sentence is the same. Again, the quantitative iconicity principle shows that the more complex the existential structure is, the corresponding concepts are also complex and difficult to predict. Finally, the marked sentences tend to transfer additional information by changing the structure position of the sentence or adding the sign words compared to the unmarked sentences.
It is found that the English and Chinese existential sentences have similarities in the mapping relationship and the thinking, but because the two languages belong to different languages, there are still some subtle differences. The English existential sentences adopt the "mobile object" strategy, the sentences follow the small to the large, the part to the whole, and the Chinese adopt the "mobile self" cognitive strategy. Order is exactly the opposite of English. Under the principle of quantitative iconicity, the location of existing English existential sentences can be omitted, and the place of Chinese existence must appear. If omission is also implied in the context, additional information can be transmitted in Chinese by means of markers or structural shifts.
On the basis of the analysis of the iconicity of the existential sentences in English and Chinese, this paper also discusses the typical sentence patterns of English and Chinese existential sentences, the indeterminacy of the noun groups, unpredictability, and the distribution of the information of the existential sentences. In a word, this article is devoted to verifying three questions: (1) language is not completely arbitrary, language structure and human cognitive experience structure There are certain mapping relations; (2) under the four main mapping relations, the commonness of the English and Chinese existential sentences is greater than the difference; (3) there is a common thought in the human mind when we recognize the event of "something in a certain place".
Through the systematic study, this paper proves that the iconicity principle can make a reasonable and scientific explanation of the existential sentence structure. Considering the internal structure of language from external language factors, it is beneficial for us to understand the relationship between language and human thinking clearly, reveal the essence of language and be beneficial to the translation of the two languages between English and Chinese.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146;H314

【参考文献】