现代哈萨克语表达语气意义的句调实验研究

发布时间：2018-06-11 18:44

本文选题：语气 + 句调　；参考：《中央民族大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：哈萨克语乃至突厥语言的语法形式系统按照语法手段,可分为形态、语序、虚词、重叠、句调、零形式等几个分支。其中形式上属于句调手段的语法成分系统研究基本仍未展开。句调是表达语气意义的必有手段,句子的一些特定的语气意义可以单由句调表达。本文以单由句调手段来表达语气意义的现代哈萨克语常用口语体188个单句为研究范围,用实验的方法对现代哈萨克语18种语气意义的句调、时长、强度进行测定与描写,寻找句调形式与语气意义之间的对应规律。第一章介绍了国内外语气与句调研究概述、实验例句的标准及研究方法。第二章主要通过实验考察表达同一语气意义的哈萨克语单句句调形式是否会受到语法结构影响,以及独词句句调形式是否会受到音节数量的影响。结论一：表达一般陈述语气、诧异疑问语气、命令语气和感叹语气意义的不同语法结构的哈萨克语单句以及不同音节数量的独词句的句调、时长和强度无区别性特征差异,即表达特定语气意义的特定的句调,不受句法结构的影响,不随句法结构的变化而变化。结论二：一般陈述语气单句句调调域为6.7St—9.7St之间,分布区间在180Hz—316Hz (17.9St—27.6St)之间,调域较窄。样品句全句音高曲线略有在起伏,句末音节音高曲线均呈较平缓下倾趋势。样品句(单音节独词句除外)上线下倾度均为正值。句重音落在句末,主要表现为句末音节或末音步音高差值最大,音高曲线比全句音高曲线下降明显,时长比句首和句中其他音节或音步时长要长得多。句重音并非完全由句中的音节强度关系决定。在不特别强调的情况下,一般陈述语气样品句各音节的强度主要由音节中元音的响度决定,在各音节元音相同的情况下,音节的响度由元音前辅音的音质决定。结论三：诧异疑问语气单句句调调域为24.1St--25.9St,分布区间在149Hz--832Hz (14.6St--44.4St)调域最宽。样品句音高曲线句首、句中较平直,句末呈急促上扬趋势。样品句(单音节独词句除外)上线上扬度为66.4%到96.7%,上扬幅度很大；下线上扬度多为正值,句调上扬由音高上线决定。诧异疑问语气单句句重音落在句末,主要表现为：(1)句末音节或音步音高差值最大,音高曲线相比全句明显上扬。(2)句末音节或音步的时长比句子其他音节或音步的时长要长得多。(3)句末音节或音步强度最大。结论四：命令语气单句句调调域为11.6St-15.8St分布区间在167Hz-400Hz (16.6St-31.8St)。样品句音高曲线句首较平缓,句中有一定起伏,句末呈较急促下倾趋势。样品句(单音节独词句除外)上线下倾度或为正值或为负值；下线下倾度在39.6%到86.5%之间,均为正值,句调下降由音高下线决定。命令语气单句句重音与句中各音节强度有一定关系。全句各音节强度比一般陈述语气样品句要强,句重音落在末音节或末音步上,主要表现为末音节或末音步强度较大,音高差值最大,时长最长。结论五：感叹语气单句句调调域为10St--18.1St,分布区间在183Hz-504Hz (16.2St-35.7St),调域较宽。样品句音高上线整体平缓上扬,音高下线呈急促下降趋势。感叹语气单句句重间与句中各音节强度有一定关系：末间步调域整体较高,强度较强,时长最长。第三章测定、描写、归纳并对比了9种陈述语气、1种感叹语气的句调、时长和强度,初步寻找到了这10种语气意义与句调形式的对应规律。结论一：哈萨克语陈述语气样品句域值为1—2个跨度,调域较小。除辩解陈述语气、不耐烦解释陈述语气及愤懑式强调陈述语气外,其余陈述语气样品句句首、句中音高曲线基本平直或微扬,句末音高微降或平缓下降,但下降幅度有所不同。置身事外式欢呼语气样品句调域较高,句末下降比愤懑式强调陈述语气略缓。结论二：时长仅对置身事外式安慰陈述、思忖式冷漠陈述、告诫式强调陈述、不温不火式纠正陈述、不耐烦确定解释陈述、及无奈茫然式陈述语气起一定区别作用；强度仅对辩解陈述、告诫式强调陈述、不温不火式纠正陈述、不耐烦确定解释陈述、愤懑式强调陈述及置身事外式欢呼语气起一定区别作用。第四章测定、描写、归纳并对比了6种疑问语气的句调、时长和强度,初步寻找了到这6种疑问语气意义与句调形式的对应规律。结论一：哈萨克语疑问语气调域最宽,域值在2—5个跨度。6种疑问语气样品句句首、句中音高曲线基本平直或微扬；体贴式预期疑问语气句末音高下降,其余5种一位语气句末音高均表现为上扬趋势,但上扬幅度有所不同。结论二：时长仅对体贴式预期疑问、利落式预期疑问、无奈式不解疑问及思考式关切不解语气起一定区别作用；强度仅对思考式关切不解语气起区别作用。第五章测定、描写、归纳并对比了2种命令语气的句调、时长和强度,初步寻找到了这2种命令语气与句调的对应规律。结论一：这2种命令语气全句音高曲线差别不大,愤怒式命令语气比既定式命令语气调域略宽,句末音高下降略急促些；样品句各音步及全句时长多短于一般陈述语气；样品句各音节强度均大于一般陈述语气,尤其是末音节强度。既定式命令语气各音步及全句时长稍长于一般陈述语气时长；各音节强度均大于一般陈述语气。第六章“结论”对本文的各项研究结论进行了总结,指出了论文的不足之处以及下一步研究目标。句调主要表达异常复杂多样的语气意义,这是语法意义中非常关键的一部分,科学地测定和综合标记包括音高、音强、音长的句调,是摆在我们面前重大的也是不可逾越的课题。本研究是用实验的方法描写现代哈萨克语表达语气意义的句调形式,验证了表达同一语气意义的不同语法结构的哈萨克语单句句调没有具有区别性特征差异,测定与标记了现代哈萨克语中以-de/-d(?)结尾的18种语气意义的单句调域、句调形式、下倾度或上扬度、时长及强度,基本明确了这18种语气意义所对应的句调形式,以期为填补现代哈萨克语描写语法学中的空白、寻找语气意义与句调形式的对应规律起到抛砖引玉的作用。
[Abstract]:The grammatical form system of Kazak and Turkic language can be divided into several branches, such as form, word order, function word, overlap, sentence, and zero form. In this paper, 188 single sentences of the modern Kazakh language, which express mood meaning by means of a single sentence, are used as the research scope. In the experiment, the tone, length and intensity of the 18 modal meanings of modern Kazak language are measured and described, and the corresponding laws between the form of the sentence and the meaning of the mood are found.
The first chapter introduces the research on mood and sentence patterns at home and abroad, the standards and research methods of experimental examples.
The second chapter mainly investigates whether the single sentence structure of the Kazakh sentence that expresses the same modal meaning will be influenced by the grammatical structure and whether the form of the single word sentence will be influenced by the number of syllables. The key of the single sentence and the number of different syllables in the Kazak Language and the number of different syllables, the difference between the length and the intensity of the sentence, that is, the special tone that expresses the meaning of the particular mood, is not influenced by the syntactic structure, and does not change with the change of the syntactic structure. Conclusion two: the regulating domain of the general declarative sentence is between the 6.7St - 9.7St, the distribution area Between 180Hz - 316Hz (17.9St - 27.6St), the range is narrower. The pitch curve of the whole sentence of the sample sentence is slightly fluctuating, and the end syllabic pitch curve of the sentence has a gentle downward trend. The sample sentence (except the monosyllabic one word sentence) is positive. The sentence stress falls at the end of the sentence, the main expression is the maximum difference between the end syllables or the last sound steps. The pitch curve of the high curve is lower than that of the whole sentence. The length of the sentence is much longer than that of the other syllables or the steps in the sentence. The sentence stress is not entirely determined by the syllabic intensity relationship in the sentence. In the case of no particular emphasis, the intensity of the syllables of the general declarative sample sentence is mainly determined by the loudness of the vowel in the syllable, and in each syllable vowel. In the same case, the loudness of the syllable is determined by the sound quality of the vowel consonant. Conclusion three: a surprise interrogative sentence is 24.1St--25.9St, the distribution range is the most wide in the 149Hz--832Hz (14.6St--44.4St) domain. The pitch curve of the sample sentence is straight, the sentence is straight, and the end of the sentence has a rapid upward trend. The upper rise of the line is 66.4% to 96.7%, the rise is great; the rise of the lower line is more positive, the rise of the sentence is determined by the pitch line. It is surprising that the single sentence stress falls at the end of the sentence, mainly as follows: (1) the difference between the end syllables or the pitch pitch is the greatest, the pitch curve is obviously higher than the whole sentence. (2) the length ratio of the end syllable or the sound step of the sentence. The length of other syllables or sound steps is much longer. (3) at the end of the sentence or the maximum intensity of the sound step. Conclusion four: the tone area of the command tone is 11.6St-15.8St distribution in 167Hz-400Hz (16.6St-31.8St). The pitch curve of the sample sentence is slow, the sentence has some fluctuation, and the end of the sentence has a more rapid downward trend. Sample sentence (single syllable single word) The downfall of the line is either positive or negative; the downgrade of the lower line is between 39.6% and 86.5%, all of which are positive. The fall of the sentence is determined by the downline of the pitch. The stress of the command tone is related to the intensity of each syllable in the sentence. The intensity of the syllable in the whole sentence is stronger than that in the general statement, and the sentence stress falls on the final syllable or the last step. The main performance is that the intensity of the last syllable or the last sound step is greater, the difference of pitch is the largest and the longest time. Conclusion five: the exclamation point tone area is 10St--18.1St, the range of distribution is 183Hz-504Hz (16.2St-35.7St), the range is wide. There is a certain relationship between the interval and the intensity of each syllable in the sentence: the whole range is higher, the intensity is stronger and the duration is the longest.
The third chapter is to determine, describe, sum up and compare 9 declarative tones, 1 kinds of exclamatory tones, time length and intensity, and preliminarily find the corresponding law of the 10 mood meaning and sentence pattern. Conclusion: the sentence domain value of the Kazakh statement voice sample is 1 to 2 span, and the domain is smaller. Qi and indignation stress the statement tone, the rest of the statement mood sample sentence, the pitch curve of the sentence is basically straight or slight, the end of the sentence drop or slow down, but the decline is different. An external consolation statement, a contemplative indifference statement, an admonish statement, an insensitive statement, an impatience to explain the statement, and a blank statement of statements, and a certain difference in the tone of the statement; the intensity is only a statement of justification, an admonish statement, an insensitive statement, an impatience, a statement of explanation, a resentful stress. There is a difference between declarative and isolated cheering tone.
The fourth chapter is to determine, describe, sum up and compare the intonation, length and intensity of the 6 interrogative mood, and preliminarily find the corresponding law of the 6 interrogative meaning and the form of the sentence. The first: the Kazak interrogative mood is the most wide, the domain value is 2 to 5 span of the.6 interrogative sentence, the pitch curve is basically straight or micro in the sentence. There is a decline in the end pitch of the thoughtful and expected interrogative sentence, and the other 5 types of sentence height in the end of the sentence all show the upward trend, but the uplift range is different. Conclusion two: the length of the sentence is only on the thoughtful and expected questions, the falling expectation questions, the helplessness and the thinking type of concern, and the thinking type of concern. The exam style of concern does not explain the difference.
The fifth chapter is to determine, describe, sum up and compare the intonation, length and intensity of the 2 imperative mood, and preliminarily find the corresponding laws of the 2 commands and sentences. The length of each sentence and the whole sentence is much shorter than the general statement tone, and the intensity of each syllable in the sample sentence is greater than the general declarative tone, especially the last syllable intensity. The length of the fixed command tone and the whole sentence is longer than the general statement tone, and the intensity of each syllable is greater than the general declarative mood.
The sixth chapter summarizes the conclusions of this study, points out the shortcomings of the paper and the next research objectives.
It is a very important part of the grammatical meaning. It is an important and insuperable subject in front of us to determine and synthetically mark the tone of the pitch, the sound intensity and the length of the sound. This study describes the expression of the modal meaning of the modern Kazakh language with an experimental method. The form of the sentence shows that there is no difference in the single sentence tone of the different grammatical structure of the same grammatical structure, and the 18 types of single sentence domain, the form, the lower or the upward, the length and the intensity of the 18 modal meanings, which are at the end of the modern Kazak language, are determined and marked. The 18 languages are basically clear. In order to fill the blanks in the descriptive grammar of modern Kazakh and find the corresponding law of the tone meaning and the form of the intonation, the form of the tone corresponding to the meaning of Qi has played an important role in finding the corresponding law of the tone meaning and the form of the sentence.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H236

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