汉—越语空间位移范畴的对比研究

发布时间：2018-06-16 14:29

本文选题：位移范畴 + 位移事件　；参考：《吉林大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：人的认识中空间因素对其表达空间位移范畴的方式起着取决性的作用。人怎么认识空间,即行动的环境会有对应的空间位移范畴表达方式。随着不尽相同的具体环境条件,言语表达主体对空间认识也不同。汉语和越南语都属于南亚语系,但属于不同的语族,汉语是汉藏语而越南语是孟-高棉语,汉-越语对空间认识包括空间位移认识既有很多相同点又有不少相异点。借鉴以往的研究大都从汉语的表层结构如位移动词、趋向动词、趋向补语、动趋式等,不成系统地探讨[位移]语义特征,但只是支离破碎的点,没有形成系统的线和面,这样从形式出发的研究路子抓不着[位移]的本质问题,我们认为想要找出[位移]的本质问题,还是得从整体视角把[位移]当范畴来分析并构建位移范畴的语义概念特征系统,最后才通过语言事实来验证。这样从意义出发、以Talmy的词汇化模式理论为基础、以运动事件语义概念成分为切入点是贯穿本论文的研究思路。论文共5章,主要内容如下：第一章绪论先说明一下本文选题来源后充分综合一下国内外以往的相关文献并指出研究的不足。最后明确研究对象、研究思路以及拟解决的关键性问题。第二章汉-越语空间位移范畴的语义构架从Talmy认知语义学的整体视角着眼,本章构建起位移范畴的语义概念系统,包括“凸像”(位移体)、“动作”(位移力)、“背景”(参照位置)和“路径”(路径、方向)等四个内部概念成分,深入剖析汉-越语位移范畴的底层概念语义成分并初步指出汉-越语中针对位移范畴的认知特征。第三章汉-越语空间位移范畴的词汇化方式根据Talmy对世界语言中表达移动概念的动词所划分的3种模式类型：(1)[移动+方式/原因]模式；(2)[移动+路径]模式；(3)[移动+移动主体]模式,本文明确指出汉语和越南语的移动动词一般有两种语义模式类型,分别是[移动+方式]模式跟[移动+路径]模式,由方式动词和路径动词担任。位移力的词化一般分布于词语层次,主要是由移动动词担任。接着本文通过对移动动词进行不同角度、不同层次的再分类进一步充分印证位移力的词化分布情况。本文同时阐述汉越语由趋向动词和介词标引出来的参照位置的大概情况。两种语言的词汇化方式之间的相同与差异验证了第二章所得出的结论,实践语言交际证明汉语较常使用内在参照系和相对参照系的复合参照系来描述位移事件,而越南语依赖交际主体间的默契性而更常使用内在参照系描述位移事件,只是特地满足交际需求才使用内在参照系和相对参照系的复合参照系。本文针对非定域处所词的构成特征确定方位指示意义对位移范畴[背景]的概念成分也有重要的关系而汉语方位词和越南语对应表达的概念化复杂情况汉-越语位移范畴所采用的参照系也产生直接的一下。本文通过深入探讨汉-越语表达基本方位的表达方式证实相同的空间定位表达方式不一定导致相同的空间认知结果,反之,不相同的空间表达方式不一定映射不相同的空间认知结果。本文把汉-越语位移范畴路径概念的词化分布情况总结为表4.6和表4.7,充分描述两种语言通过词、短语和构式三个层次的多种语言单位的词化分布情况。最大不同点在于汉语经常使用带有[+指示]义的趋向词“来/去”表示位移路径,而越南语对应表达没有[-指示]意义。汉-越语位移范畴可以从动词义素本身或其他句子成分提取方向性的语义特征,如纵向动词、横向动词。突出的差异在于汉语经常使用近向、远向位移方向而越南语不经常使用这种语义概念特征以及词汇化方式。总之汉语善于使用哪怕是客观方向性还是主观方向性的水平方向,而越南语更偏好使用客观方向性的水平方向。第四章汉-越语位移范畴的语法结构本文通过对汉-越语无界位移事件和有界位移事件的表达语句的分析大致上突出汉-越语相同结构和相异结构,主要是词汇化分布的差异和语序上的差异。本文分别谈简单语法结构和复杂语法结构。汉-越语的简单结构的词化分布相同点为一般路径动词(自移事件和致移事件)和特殊路径动词(无致移事件)。大不相同是越南语趋向辅助动词不分简单式和复合式,不分指示式和非指示式,而汉语分得非常清楚。汉-越语位移范畴路径语义概念有无[±指示]意义特征通过这里充分得到验证。汉语位移事件的复杂语法结构主要通过由简单趋向动词构成的V趋简式和由复合趋向动词构成的V趋复式来描述各种位移事件,构成4种格式。越南语对应表达主要由简单趋向辅助动词构成的V趋间式,即是只有V趋简式,没有V趋复式。这是汉-越语的最大不同,共2种格式和2种附带格式。本文主要阐述汉、越语V趋式带宾语所采用的相关格式,尤其是格式对宾语位置的各种制约因素,包括位移事件、宾语、动词等的性质和条件。越南语格式F越1、F越2需要时为了弥补[指示][近向、远向]等语义特征可以加上由“(phia/dag/ben/cho)+nay/day/do/kia"等其它词语组成的处所宾语0处所并采用格式F'越1、F'越2。接着本文针对汉语、越南语不同格式间通说的情况探讨出一些最基本制约因素。这也是本论文的新点子。汉、越语语除了动趋式,也可以使用动介式来描述位移事件,尤其是表目标或终点标记的介词。第五章是论文的结语。
[Abstract]:In human cognition, spatial factors play a role in the way they express the space displacement category. How people understand space, that is, the environment of the action will have corresponding spatial displacement category expression. With different specific environmental conditions, the body of speech expression is different to space. Both Chinese and Vietnamese belong to the South Asian language family. But it belongs to different languages, Chinese is Han Tibetan and the Vietnamese language is Mencius Khmer, and Han Yue has many similarities and differences in spatial cognition, including space displacement.
Most of the previous studies are based on the surface structure of the Chinese language, such as a position moving word, a tendency verb, a complement to a complement, a motion pattern and so on. It does not systematically explore the semantic features of the [displacement], but it is only a broken point and does not form a systematic line and surface, so that the research path from the form does not grasp the essential problem of the [displacement]. The essential problem of "displacement" is to analyze and construct the semantic concept characteristic system of displacement category from the whole perspective and to construct the semantic concept characteristic system of the displacement category. Finally, it is verified by the language fact. In this way, the meaning of the semantic concept of Talmy is based on the concept of the semantic concept of sports events. There are 5 chapters in this paper. The main contents are as follows:
In the first chapter, the introduction first explains the source of this topic, and gives a full synthesis of the relevant literature at home and abroad and points out the shortcomings of the research. Finally, the research objects, the research ideas and the key problems to be solved are clarifies.
The second chapter is the semantic framework of Chinese and Vietnamese spatial displacement categories.
From the overall perspective of Talmy cognitive semantics, this chapter constructs the semantic concept system of the displacement category, including four internal concepts, such as "convex image" (displacement body), "action" (displacement force), "background" (reference position) and "path" (path, direction) and so on. It points out the cognitive characteristics of displacement category in Chinese Vietnamese language.
The third chapter is the lexicalization of Chinese and Vietnamese spatial displacement categories.
According to Talmy's 3 pattern types divided by the verbs expressing the concept of movement in the world language: (1) [mobile + mode / cause] mode; (2) [mobile + path] mode; (3) [mobile + Mobile subject] mode, this article clearly points out that there are two types of semantic patterns in Chinese and Vietnamese mobile verbs, namely, "mobile + mode" pattern heel. The mode of movement + path is held by the verb and the path verb. The lexicalization of the displacement force is generally distributed in the word level, mainly by the mobile verb. Then, this paper further confirms the distribution of the displacement force by the different angles and the reclassification of the different levels of the mobile verbs.
The similarities and differences between the lexicalization methods of the two languages verify the conclusion of the second chapters, and the practical language communication proves that the Chinese language often uses the compound reference system of the internal reference system and the relative reference system to describe the displacement events. The Vietnamese language relies on the tacit nature of the intersubjects and often uses the internal reference system to describe the displacement events. It is only a compound reference system that uses the internal reference system and the relative reference system to meet the communicative needs.
In this paper, in view of the composition characteristics of the non locality words, the orientation directive significance is also important to the conceptual components of the displacement category [background], and the conceptual complexity of the Chinese azimuth and the Vietnamese corresponding expressions is complicated. The expression of the basic orientation confirms that the same spatial location expression does not necessarily lead to the same spatial cognitive results. On the contrary, different spatial expressions do not necessarily map different spatial cognitive results.
In this paper, the lexical distribution of the concept of the Chinese Vietnamese displacement category path concept is summed up as table 4.6 and table 4.7, which fully describes the lexical distribution of the multiple language units in the three levels of the words, phrases and constructions in two languages. The biggest difference is that the Chinese often uses the word "to" express the displacement path with a "+ directive" meaning. The Vietnamese language has no [- directive] meaning.
The Chinese Vietnamese displacement category can extract the directional semantic features from the verb sememe itself or other sentence components, such as the vertical verb and the horizontal verb. The prominent difference lies in the frequent use of the near direction in Chinese and the far direction of the displacement, while the Vietnamese does not often use this semantic concept and lexicalization. In a word, Chinese is good at using even if it is used. It is the horizontal direction of objective direction or subjective direction, while Vietnamese prefers objective direction.
The fourth chapter of the grammatical structure of the Chinese Vietnamese displacements
Through the analysis of the expressions of the unbounded displacement events and the bounded displacement events in the Han Yue language, this paper mainly highlights the same structure and dissimilarity structure of the Han Vietnamese language, mainly the differences in the lexical distribution and the difference in the word order. This paper discusses the simple grammatical structure and the complex grammatical structure.
The lexical distribution of the simple structure of the Han Vietnamese language is the same as the general path verb (self shift and transfer event) and the special path verb (no moving event). The large difference is that in the Vietnamese language, the auxiliary verbs are not divided into simple and complex forms, and the Chinese are very clear. The meaning of the concept of "+ indication" is fully verified here.
The complex grammatical structure of the Chinese displacement event is mainly composed of V simplification by simple tendency verbs and the V complex composed of compound tendency verbs to describe all kinds of displacement events and form 4 forms. The corresponding expression of the Vietnamese language is mainly composed of the V convergence of the simple auxiliary verbs, that is, only V is simplified, and there is no V compound. The largest difference between Chinese and Vietnamese, a total of 2 forms and 2 incidental forms. This paper mainly expounds the relevant formats of the V approach with the object of the Han and Vietnamese language, especially the various constraints on the position of the object, including the nature and conditions of the displacement, the object and the verb.
The more the Vietnamese format F is 1, the more the F 2 is needed to make up for the [directive] [near, far] semantic features, such as the "(phia/dag/ben/cho) +nay/day/do/kia" and other words of the object 0, and the 1 of the format F', and the 2. of the F'.
Next, this paper discusses some basic constraints for Chinese and Vietnamese in different formats. This is also the new idea of this paper.
In addition to the verb form, Chinese and Vietnamese can also use motion medias to describe displacement events, especially the prepositions of table targets or terminal markers.
The fifth chapter is the conclusion of the paper.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146;H44

【参考文献】