美国和泰国学习者汉语普通话阳平与上声习得的实验研究

发布时间：2018-06-26 05:23

本文选题：阳平 + 上声　；参考：《北京大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：阳平与上声是汉语作为第二语言语音习得与教学的难点，也是语音习得研究领域的焦点之一。本文通过感知实验、发音实验和感知训练实验考察了美国学习者和泰国学习者汉语普通话阳平与上声的习得过程，共有四个部分：（1）母语者与美国、泰国学习者阳平与上声的感知研究，包括降升调和自然调的感知研究；（2）美国与泰国学习者阳平与上声的感知训练研究；（3）母语者与美国、泰国学习者阳平与上声的产出研究；（4）阳平与上声感知与产出的关系。实验主要结果如下：（1）在母语者感知模式中，拐点位置和终点音高两个声学线索对阳、上辨认都有显著作用，而且两者相互制约；拐点位置具有更为强大的制约作用，是阳、上感知的关键性声学线索，终点音高是非关键性线索，对阳、上辨认具有补偿性作用；美国和泰国学习者的阳、上感知模式中，终点音高的作用较大，拐点位置的作用较小；较之美国学习者，泰国学习者在两个线索的作用机制上都存在一定的优势；（2）训练实验的结果显示，短期训练在一定程度上提高了学习者阳、上两个声学线索的作用，但是因为训练的时间有限，，所以阳、上两个线索的作用机制学习者最终未能获得；合成调的训练有助于自然调训练的提高；六次训练的显著提高集中在训练的后半段，这说明充分的输入是语音习得的关键；听感训练中的视觉刺激（反馈）可以帮助学习者提高对阳、上声学及音位特征的获得；（3）母语者产出实验的结果显示，单字阳平和上声的音高曲线走势存在显著差异；双字调的声学分析说明在语流中前字和后字阳、上受协同发音作用的影响，起点和终点都发生了高低变化，但是阳、上的拐点位置都未发生前后维度上太大的变化，这表明从声学角度看，拐点位置也是区分阳、上最为重要的声学特征；学习者产出实验的结果显示，单字阳平与上声的音高曲线走势有一定程度的相似性，与母语者的差异主要表现在拐点位置前后的不同上；双字阳、上的声学结果发现，在语流中受协同发音作用的影响，学习者阳、上的起点和终点也有高低变化，但是高低顺序与母语者仍然存在差异，这表明学习者尚未掌握语流中“相对音高”的声调模式；泰国学习者阳、上的产出也表现出一定的优势；（4）本实验阳、上的感知与产出存在较好的对应关系，但也有其复杂性。本文的实验结果支持感知同化模型（PAM）理论，同时还验证和补充了线索权衡假说（CWM），以及丰富了阳、上感知和产出的研究成果，并根据实验的结果为阳、上教学与习得提供了更有针对性的建议。
[Abstract]:Yangping and Shangsheng are not only the difficulties in the acquisition and teaching of Chinese as a second language, but also one of the focal points in the field of phonetic acquisition. This paper investigates the acquisition of Yangping and Shangsheng by American learners and Thai learners through perceptual experiments, pronunciation experiments and perceptual training experiments. There are four parts: (1) Native speakers and Americans; Thai learners' perception of Yangping and Shangsheng, including the perception of descending and natural tones; (2) the cognitive training of American and Thai learners of Yangping and Shangsheng; (3) native speakers and the United States, Thai learners of Yangping and Shangsheng; (4) the relationship between Yangping and Shangsheng perception and output. The main results are as follows: (1) in the native speakers' perception model, two acoustic cues, inflection point position and final pitch, play a significant role in the recognition of yang, and both of them are mutually restricted. The key acoustic clue of upper perception is that the final pitch is a non-critical clue and compensatory to the yang and the upper recognition, in the upper perception mode of American and Thai learners, the effect of the final pitch is greater than that of the inflexion position. Compared with American learners, Thai learners have some advantages in the mechanism of action of the two cues. (2) the results of the training experiments show that short-term training improves the role of the two acoustical cues to some extent. However, because of the limited training time, the learners of the action mechanism of the above two clues were unable to obtain it; the training of the synthetic tone contributed to the improvement of the natural tone training; and the significant improvement of the six training sessions was concentrated in the second half of the training. This shows that adequate input is the key to phonological acquisition, and that visual stimulation (feedback) in auditory training can help learners improve their acquisition of positive, upper acoustic and phonological characteristics. (3) the results of native speakers' output experiments show that: 1. There are significant differences in pitch curve between single word Yangping and upper voice. The acoustic analysis of double tone shows that in the flow of words, the front and back characters are affected by the synergistic pronunciation, the starting point and the end point are all changed, but Yang, The inflexion position is not changed too much before and after, which indicates that the inflection point position is also the most important acoustic feature in distinguishing yang from the acoustical point of view, and the result of the learner's output experiment shows that, The trend of pitch curve of single word Yangping and Shangsheng is similar to a certain degree, and the difference with native speakers is mainly reflected in the different position before and after the inflection point, the acoustical results of double word positive, on the other hand, have found that they are influenced by synergistic pronunciation in the flow of speech. However, there are still differences between the high and low order and the native speakers, which indicates that the learners have not grasped the "relative pitch" tone pattern in the language stream. The upper output also shows some advantages. (4) in this experiment, there is a good relationship between the perception and the output, but it also has its complexity. The experimental results support the theory of perceptual assimilation model (PAM), verify and supplement the cue-tradeoff hypothesis (CWM), and enrich the research results of yang, upper perception and output. Teaching and acquisition provide more targeted suggestions.
【学位授予单位】：北京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H19

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