汉语委婉语及其对外汉语教学

发布时间：2018-08-16 07:47

【摘要】：汉语委婉语是汉语词汇的一个重要组成部分,在日常生活中扮演着十分重要的角色。我们常常发现,在平时进行交际活动时,有些话不方便直说,有些意图不适宜直接表达,这时候我们所要求的便不再仅仅是表达正确,更重要的是表达得体,在这种情况下选择说什么话,怎么说话都很有讲究。要让自己的语言在交际中显得得体、恰当,学习和使用汉语中大量存在的委婉语就显得尤其重要。汉语委婉语往往是出于中国人求“雅”的心理,是营造一种宽松和谐的交际环境的需要,同时它也是中华民族长久以来一些生活禁忌的集中体现。它所使用的范围十分广泛,但大多涉及一些有关死亡与殡葬、疾病与伤残、分泌与排泄、性爱与生育等可能令人产生不悦的语言表达。汉语委婉语也具有很明显的民族色彩,反映着我国上下五千年悠久灿烂的文化。它的表达往往是间接的,不是其字面意思的简单累积,而是需要人“思而得之”。同时,我们也要注意汉语委婉语不是一成不变的,它会随着时间的发展而发展,具有十分明显的时代色彩。汉语委婉语在构成上可使用语音、词汇、语义、修辞这四种不同的手段来进行。在交际的过程中它往往能起到避讳、礼貌以及缓和交际氛围的作用。本文通过对中国和美国3所不同的大学进行问卷调查,发现即使是具有中高级水平的外国汉语学习者在学习和使用汉语委婉语方面仍然存在着许多问题。例如：无法分辨出句子中的汉语委婉语；不知道汉语委婉语的具体用法,出现过度泛化使用；在理解汉语委婉语的意义方面也容易望文生义等等。究其原因,这和汉语委婉语自身的复杂性；当前对外汉语教材中涉及的汉语委婉语内容过少,讲解也过于简单；以及留学生的跨文化背景是分不开的。本文在之前学者们研究的基础之上,提出要从教材编写、中国文化讲解、课后练习设计等方面进行改进,特别是要帮助留学生建立汉语委婉语使用的典型语境从而来更好地解决教学中所存在的问题,让留学生对汉语委婉语有更加全面和准确的认识,提高其使用的频率和正确率,最终使他们能够更好地运用汉语来进行交际。
[Abstract]:Chinese euphemism is an important part of Chinese vocabulary and plays an important role in daily life. We often find that some words are inconvenient to say and some intentions are not suitable for direct expression when we usually engage in social activities, and what we ask for is not only the right expression, but more importantly the appropriateness of the expression. In this case, the choice of what to say, how to speak is very fastidious. In order to make one's language appropriate and appropriate in communication, it is particularly important to learn and use euphemism in Chinese. Chinese euphemism is often out of the Chinese mentality of seeking "elegance" and the need to create a relaxed and harmonious communication environment. It is also a concentrated embodiment of some taboos in the life of the Chinese nation for a long time. It has a wide range of uses, but mostly involves language expressions related to death and burial, illness and disability, secretion and excretion, sex and fertility, etc. Chinese euphemism also has a distinct national color, reflecting five thousand years of glorious Chinese culture. Its expression is often indirect, not the simple accumulation of its literal meaning, but the need for people to "think and get it." At the same time, we should also pay attention to the Chinese euphemism is not fixed, it will develop with the development of time, with a very obvious color of the times. Chinese euphemism can be constructed by four different means: phonetic, lexical, semantic and rhetorical. In the process of communication, it can play a taboo, politeness and ease the communication atmosphere. Through a questionnaire survey of three different universities in China and the United States, it is found that there are still many problems in learning and using Chinese euphemism among foreign Chinese learners with intermediate and advanced level. For example: unable to distinguish the Chinese euphemism in the sentence; do not know the specific usage of Chinese euphemism, appear overgeneralization use; in understanding the meaning of Chinese euphemism is also easy to understand the meaning of Chinese euphemism and so on. The reason is that Chinese euphemism itself is complicated; the content of Chinese euphemism is too little and the explanation is too simple; and the cross-cultural background of foreign students is inseparable. On the basis of previous studies by scholars, this paper proposes to improve on the compilation of textbooks, the explanation of Chinese culture, the design of exercises after class, and so on. In particular, it is necessary to help foreign students to establish a typical context for the use of Chinese euphemism in order to better solve the problems existing in teaching, so that international students can have a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of Chinese euphemism, and improve the frequency and accuracy of its use. In the end, it will enable them to use Chinese better to communicate with each other.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H195

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