汉语爱沙尼亚语基本谓语与疑问对比专题研究

发布时间：2018-08-20 10:47

【摘要】：本文对标准普通话和爱沙尼亚语的基本语法,特别是谓词类型和疑问句构成方式进行了对比分析。文中分析了中文的四种谓词—动词、形容词、名词和主谓谓词,并研究如何用爱沙尼亚语表示它们。文中还以同样的方法对六种疑问句构成方式—疑问词“吗”构成的疑问句、是非疑问句、疑问代词构成的疑问句、选择疑问、附加疑问以及省略疑问进行了分析。这些论题是本文所作对比分析的语际参照体。本文的目的是突出中文和爱沙尼亚语中在这些论题方面最重要的结构差异。借助于负迁移理论,本文将这些差异用于预测以爱沙尼亚语为母语的人在学习中文时可能出现问题的地方。具体用于对比的论题选自《新实用汉语课本》课本1,这是爱沙尼亚使用最广泛的中文教科书。研究中采用的对比过程分为三步：第一,将从中文教科书中选择的例子及其对应的爱沙尼亚语翻译以列表的形式给出；第二,在图中对两种语言进行了考查,然后进行了分析论述；最后,得出了针对各个论题的对比说明。由于本研究的目标是爱沙尼亚语语法结构可能对学习中文语法结构产生的影响,因此,在对两种语言进行分析时,采用了欧洲式的句子分析结构,即由主语和谓语构成的句子。本文主要是对中文的谓语和疑问句与爱沙尼亚语中的谓语和疑问句进行对比研究,根据四类谓语和六类疑问句之间的对比说明中文的谓语和疑问句与爱沙尼亚语中的谓语和疑问句的不同,并结合本人的个人思考提出了爱沙尼亚语母语的学习者在学习中文时谓语和疑问句可能出现的错误种类。这些可能出现的错误种类是本研究的第二项发现,还需要进一步的实证检验。这些研究结果有实际意义,例如,可以将其用于专门针对爱沙尼亚语是母语的学生的中文教材中。但最重要的是,本研究可以为爱沙尼亚的外籍中文教师提供一些有益的借鉴,因为他们之中很多人都对爱沙尼亚语一无所知。本研究也可能对希望对自己学习的语言有更深入了解的学生有一定帮助。目前为止,爱沙尼亚语—中文对比研究是涉足很少的一个领域。本研究只探索对比了两种语言的极小一部分,希望在这个研究方向上能更进一步,或许有一天可以启动综合性的爱沙尼亚语—中文对比研究项目。
[Abstract]:This paper makes a contrastive analysis of the basic grammar of standard Putonghua and Estonian, especially the types of predicates and the formation of interrogative sentences. In this paper, we analyze four kinds of predicates in Chinese-verb, adjective, noun and subject-predicate, and study how to express them in Estonian. In the same way, six kinds of interrogative sentences, which are composed of interrogative sentences, non-interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns, optionally interrogative, additional interrogative and elliptical interrogations, are also analyzed in the same way. These topics are the interlingual reference for the comparative analysis made in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the most important structural differences between Chinese and Estonian in these topics. With the help of negative transfer theory, this paper applies these differences to predict where Estonian native speakers may have problems in learning Chinese. The topic of comparison is selected from textbook 1, which is the most widely used Chinese textbook in Estonia. The comparative process used in the study is divided into three steps: first, the examples selected from Chinese textbooks and their corresponding Estonian translations are given in the form of lists; second, the two languages are examined in the picture. At last, the comparative explanation of each topic is obtained. Since the aim of this study is the possible influence of the Estonian grammatical structure on the learning of Chinese grammatical structures, a European sentence analysis structure, which consists of subjects and predicates, is adopted in the analysis of the two languages. This paper mainly focuses on the comparative study of Chinese predicate and question sentence and Estonian predicate and question sentence. According to the contrast between the four kinds of predicates and the six types of interrogative sentences, it is shown that the Chinese predicates and interrogative sentences are different from the Estonian ones. Combined with my personal thinking, this paper puts forward the possible types of errors of Estonian native language learners' predicates and interrogative sentences in learning Chinese. These possible types of errors are the second finding in this study and require further empirical testing. These findings have practical significance, for example, they can be used in Chinese textbooks for Estonian native speakers. But most importantly, this study can provide some useful reference for foreign Chinese teachers in Estonia, because many of them know nothing about Estonian. This study may also be helpful to students who wish to have a better understanding of their own language. So far, Estonian-Chinese contrastive research is a very small area. This study explores only a very small fraction of the two languages and hopes to move further in this direction and may one day initiate a comprehensive Estonian-Chinese contrastive research project.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H195

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