台州方言中的渔喻词汇研究

发布时间：2018-09-14 19:49

【摘要】：台州方言中存在着一类特殊的词汇,这些词汇都与蟹、虾、鱼等水生动物相关,并且具有固定的隐喻义。本文赋予这些词汇一个全新的名称——渔喻词汇,但这里的“渔喻”特指“渔产品隐喻”,不涉及渔业生产工具等其它方面内容。在日常交际中,台州当地人常使用这些渔喻词汇来进行思想与情感的交流,但却从未有人对此现象做过具体描写与分析。本文在较繁杂的文献整理和田野调查的基础上,共搜集了102个台州方言渔喻词汇,并以此作为研究对象,以语言人类学理论为依托,采用民族志学派的调查研究方法,文本与实证相结合,详细描写渔喻词汇的感情色彩及其情感倾向规律,初步阐释其隐喻认知机制及认知背景,以极富代表性的个案表现民俗文化对当地人语言思维和表达方式的深刻影响。全文共包括六个部分,各章节具体内容如下：第一章绪论,交代了本文的研究背景、理论综述,界定了新概念“渔喻词汇”,说明了附录词汇表的有关内容,并介绍了本文的研究路径、方法与价值。本章为全文的研究基础。第二章详细说明了渔喻词汇现象的发现、搜集与整理过程。鉴于相关文献记载的空白以及现象的重要性,本章重点记录了渔喻词汇的搜集过程,主要通过三种渠道,第一种为访谈式调查以直接获取一手资料,第二种为穷尽式搜索地方志文献,第三种为撒网式浏览民俗文献资料、民间文学作品等。搜集工作较为繁杂、琐碎,整理获得的渔喻词汇共计102个。本章是对语料来源真实性与搜集工作原创性的说明。第三章对搜集到的渔喻词汇进行描写与分析,发现它们在情感倾向上具有一定的规律。我们发现蟹、虾类渔喻词汇的情感倾向为单维贬义倾向,鱼类为双维倾向,但有时褒贬可互相转换。本章中,我们首先对蟹类、虾类渔喻词汇的概念义与比喻义进行初步观察,发现它们的比喻义的感情色彩基本为贬义。为了更加科学、确切地看到产生比喻义的比喻点情况及词义情感倾向的规律,我们采用义素分析法,分别对蟹类、虾类渔喻词汇的概念义义素与比喻义义素进行提炼与析出,其结果与初步观察相符。至于鱼类渔喻词汇的情感倾向情况则比较复杂,但语料事实仍能证明其规律性：如呈单向贬义情感倾向的渔喻词汇隐喻本体有鳗鱼、鳓鱼、乌鱼、黄鳝等；呈单向褒义情感倾向的,本体有黄鱼、鲫鱼；双向情感倾向,即褒贬义互换情况,渔喻词有有“鲳鱼嘴”、“晒鲞”,隐喻本体有鲻鱼、泥鳅、鲤鱼等。原因则是由于人们的观察角度不同继而引发比喻点的选择差异,最终引起了褒贬色彩的转换。第四章基于对蟹、虾、鱼类隐喻情感倾向及隐喻相似点的描写与总结,我们论证了台州方言中其它水生动物的渔喻词汇也基本呈现出相应的规律。根据本体的属性特征,我们将隐喻的相似点分为三类,分别为水生动物的生理特征,水生动物的生活习性,水生动物的加工食用特点。人们通过对本体属性特征的观察与了解,主观附加了自己的情感态度与评价,产生了褒贬义倾向。而从喻体角度看,但凡反映现象、评价事物外观特点的渔喻词,其情感强度较为缓和,可归为“弱情感”,但凡揭露事物本质或者掺入了道德观、价值观评判的渔喻词,其情感强度往往相对强烈,我们将其纳入“强情感”类别。这样,我们可以将隐喻认知机制过程分为两步。第一步基于自然因素的相似点搭建,主要受渔业生态知识影响,这个过程人们较为客观地从本体属性特征着眼,不附加个人情感态度；第二步基于人文因素的褒／贬义情感附加及转移,主要受到渔业传统文化记忆的影响,对本体某属性特征的情感映射转移到喻体,激活了隐喻义。其中人文因素激发的情感,正是受到了当地居民渔文化知识积累的影响。这一结论将作为渔喻词汇的认知背景在第五章进行详细解释与论证。第五章是对渔喻词汇情感倾向的认知背景进行尝试性解释与调查验证。根据前文所作的分析,我们得出渔文化知识积累正是决定这些隐喻词汇产生定型化情感倾向的认知基础。而渔业生态知识与渔业文化传统共同构建了一个渔文化的知识框架,在当地居民中逐渐凝固记忆与共享,对“蟹”、“虾”、“鱼”等水生动物种类也产生了固定的情感倾向。本章先通过文本调查,从台州谚语、地方戏剧目等资料查找相应的渔文化知识积累背景,再对当地居民进行关于台州现实生活中渔文化知识积累情况的调查,力求能更好地证明渔文化知识背景对方言区语言思维与表达方式形成的重要性。第六章是本文的结语部分,总结了本文的主要观点,并指出研究的不足。本文“渔喻词汇”概念的提出、语料的归纳与规律的总结皆为原创,是一个语言人类学面相的民俗学调查与研究,为语言与民俗文化的关系,乃至语言与文化、思维的关系提供一个鲜明的例证,同时也为方言、民俗文化的保护与传承贡献一份力,具有一定的理论和现实意义。
[Abstract]:There is a special kind of vocabulary in Taizhou dialect, which is related to crabs, shrimps, fishes and other aquatic animals, and has a fixed metaphorical meaning. This paper gives these vocabulary a new name-fishing metaphor vocabulary, but here "fishing metaphor" refers to "fishing product metaphor" and does not involve other aspects of fishery production tools. In daily communication, Taizhou local people often use these fishing metaphor words to communicate their thoughts and feelings, but no one has ever made a specific description and analysis of this phenomenon.Based on the more complicated literature collation and field investigation, this paper collects 102 fishing metaphor words of Taizhou dialect, and takes them as the research object, taking linguistic anthropology as the research object. Relying on the theory and adopting the ethnographic school's investigation and research methods, the text combines with empirical research to describe in detail the emotional color and emotional tendencies of fishing metaphor vocabulary, and to preliminarily explain its cognitive mechanism and cognitive background of metaphor, so as to show the profound influence of folk culture on the thinking and expression of local language in a representative case.
The full text includes six parts. The specific contents of each chapter are as follows:
The first chapter is the introduction, which explains the research background, theoretical review, defines the new concept of "fishing metaphor vocabulary", explains the relevant contents of the appendix vocabulary, and introduces the research path, methods and values of this paper.
In the second chapter, the discovery, collection and collation of fishing metaphor vocabulary are described in detail. In view of the gap in the relevant literature and the importance of the phenomenon, this chapter focuses on recording the collection process of fishing metaphor vocabulary, mainly through three channels, the first is to obtain first-hand information through interviews, the second is to search local chronicles exhaustively. There are 102 fishing metaphor vocabulary collected in a complicated and trivial way. This chapter explains the authenticity of the corpus and the originality of the collection work.
The third chapter describes and analyzes the collected fishing metaphor words, and finds that they have certain rules in the emotional inclination. We find that the emotional inclination of crab and shrimp fishing metaphor words is one-dimensional derogatory inclination, fish is two-dimensional inclination, but sometimes praise and derogatory can be converted to each other. The preliminary observation of metaphorical meanings reveals that the emotional color of their metaphorical meanings is basically derogatory. In order to find out more scientifically and accurately the situation of metaphorical points producing metaphorical meanings and the law of emotional tendencies of word meanings, we use sememe analysis to refine and analyze the conceptual sememes and metaphorical sememes of crabs and shrimps respectively. The result is consistent with the preliminary observation.
As for the emotional tendencies of fishing metaphor words, they are more complicated, but the corpus facts can still prove their regularity: for example, the metaphorical noumenon of fishing metaphor words with one-way derogatory emotional tendencies includes eel, eel, mud fish, eel, yellow eel, yellow eel, yellow carp, yellow carp, yellow carp, and two-way emotional tendencies, that is, the exchange of praise and derogatory meanings, fishing metaphorical noumenon, etc. The metaphor noumenon is mullet, loach, carp and so on. The reason is that the choice of the metaphor point is different because of the different observation angle, which finally causes the change of the praise and derogation color.
In the fourth chapter, based on the description and summary of the metaphorical emotional tendency and similarities of crabs, shrimps and fishes, we demonstrate that the fishing metaphor vocabulary of other aquatic animals in Taizhou dialect also shows corresponding laws. People attach their emotional attitudes and evaluations subjectively to the observation and understanding of the characteristics of the noumenon attributes, resulting in a tendency of praise and derogation. However, from the perspective of metaphor, the emotional intensity of the metaphors which reflect the phenomena and evaluate the appearance of things is relatively relaxed and can be classified as "weak". Emotions, however, are often relatively strong when they reveal the nature of things or are mixed with moral values and judgments of values. We classify them as strong emotions.
In this way, we can divide the cognitive mechanism of metaphor into two steps. The first step is to build similarities based on natural factors, which are mainly influenced by fishery ecological knowledge. Influenced by the memory of traditional fishery culture, the emotional mapping of a certain attribute of the noumenon is transferred to the metaphor and the metaphorical meaning is activated.
The fifth chapter is an attempt to explain and verify the cognitive background of the emotional tendency of fishing metaphor vocabulary. According to the previous analysis, we conclude that the accumulation of fishing culture knowledge is the cognitive basis that determines the stereotyped emotional tendency of these metaphorical words. The knowledge framework gradually solidifies the memory and sharing among the local residents and produces a fixed emotional tendency towards the aquatic animals such as crabs, shrimps and fish. The investigation on the accumulation of fishery cultural knowledge in real life tries to prove the importance of fishery cultural knowledge background to the formation of linguistic thinking and expression in dialectal areas.
The sixth chapter is the concluding part of this article, summarizing the main points of this article and pointing out the deficiency of the research.
The concept of "fishing metaphor vocabulary" is put forward in this paper. The summary of corpus and laws is originality. It is a folklore investigation and Research on the aspect of linguistic anthropology. It provides a vivid example for the relationship between language and folklore culture, even between language and culture, thinking. It also contributes to the protection and inheritance of dialect and Folklore culture. A force has certain theoretical and practical significance.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H173

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