汉语让转构式“X是X”的认知语用分析

发布时间：2018-10-23 10:33

【摘要】：本文选取汉语中含让转义的“X是X”作为研究对象。这种结构主语和补语同形,字面上不传达任何信息,却有着丰富的语用含义。其实,这种特殊的语言现象很早就引起了语言学家们的广泛关注。他们将其纳入同语反复现象之中,并从逻辑、修辞、句法、语义等多个角度进行研究。在他们看来,同语现象包括三种：像“战争就是战争”的强调类, “东方是东方,西方是西方”之类的对比类以及“漂亮是漂亮”之类的让转类。但本文认为第三种并非同语反复,而是一种独立的构式。同时,在查阅相关文献的过程中,笔者发现大多研究虽将让转义“X是X”涵盖在内,但在具体分析中甚少涉及。因此,有必要对其进行进一步的研究。具体来说,以下三个问题尚未得到解决：让转构式“X是x”有哪些词类限制?此构式具有怎样的语用功能?它是如何产生以及被理解的?(具体来说,言者为何采用此结构来表达观点?听者为何能预测出下文含有转折含义?)首先,基于北大语料库,本文对进入构式的词类进行了分析和归类。结果发现,名词(短语)、动词(短语)及形容词均可进入。在词汇的选择方面,前后X表现出不对称性：当前X为指称性名词时,后X则为形容词或者量词修饰的名词短语；当前x为描述性名词时,后x变为同形。当X为动词或者形容词时,常用于口语中的单音节词语在此构式中更为常见,同时,后x会在动词或形容词后跟有表示状态的附着成分。研究还发现性质形容词可以进入构式,而状态形容词却不可以。其次,本文对前后x之间的关系以及整个构式的语用功能进行了研究。两个X之间是话题一评述关系,这也能很好地解释了为什么前后X会在词汇选择方面存在差异。另外,此构式具有以下三种语用效果：让步性同意或确认、交互主观性、否定预测性。最后,通过融合杨平的关联-顺应理论和格莱斯的数量准则,本人尝试性地提出了一种新的理论框架来对此构式的产生与理解过程进行解释。在产生过程中,言者首先构建与外界以及听者相关的认知语境。接着,将潜在的多种语言结构对语境成分进行顺应。其中,语境成分包括物质世界、社交世界以及心理世界。顺应结果是言者决定选择委婉的表达方式。为了自然地引出下文转折部分,言者决定先重复对方的话题或者观点以对其作出肯定评价。于是,“X是X”便产生了。在理解过程中,听者首先意识到言者的话语刺激有言外之意(因为它本质上违背了数量原则)。同样,听者继而也会构建相关语境,形成一系列关联假设,之后将潜在的多种理解方式对语境成分进行顺应。然后就会意识到言者只是在让步性地或假装性地表示同意,接下来会有转折性的观点出现。
[Abstract]:This paper chooses X is X as the object of study. This kind of structural subject and complement have the same form, literally convey no information, but have rich pragmatic meaning. In fact, this kind of special language phenomenon has aroused the widespread concern of linguists for a long time. They put it into the phenomenon of homonym and studied it from logic, rhetoric, syntax, semantics and so on. In their opinion, synonyms include three types: the emphasis on war, the contrast between east and west, and the transition from beauty to beauty. However, the third type is not a repetition, but an independent construction. At the same time, in the process of consulting the relevant literature, the author found that most of the research will cover the escape "X is X", but in the specific analysis very little. Therefore, it is necessary to further study it. Specifically, the following three questions have not been resolved: what are the restrictions on making the transpose "X is x"? What is the pragmatic function of this construction? How did it come into being and be understood? (specifically, why do speakers use this structure to express their views? How can the listener predict that there is a turning point in the following?) First of all, based on the Peking University corpus, this paper analyzes and classifies the parts of speech entering the construction. It was found that nouns (phrases), verbs (phrases) and adjectives can be entered. In terms of lexical choice, X shows asymmetry: when X is a referential noun, post-X is a noun phrase modified by adjectives or quantifiers, and when x is a descriptive noun, the latter x becomes homomorphic. When X is a verb or adjective, monosyllabic words, which are often used in spoken English, are more common in this construction. It is also found that the nature adjective can enter the construction, but the state adjective can not. Secondly, this paper studies the relationship between X and the pragmatic function of the whole construction. The relationship between X and X is a topic-one comment, which can explain why there are differences in lexical choice between X and X. In addition, the construction has the following three pragmatic effects: concessional consent or confirmation, mutual subjectivity and negative predictability. Finally, by combining Yang Ping's relevance and adaptation theory with Grice's quantitative criterion, I try to put forward a new theoretical framework to explain the process of the formation and understanding of the construction. In the process of production, the speaker first constructs the cognitive context related to the outside world and the listener. Then, the potential multilingual structures are adapted to contextual elements. Among them, the contextual elements include the material world, the social world and the psychological world. The result of adaptation is the choice of euphemism. In order to naturally lead to the following twist, the speaker decides to repeat the subject or point of view to make a positive assessment. Thus, "X is X" came into being. In the process of understanding, the listener first realizes that the utterance of the speaker has an implicit meaning (because it is essentially contrary to the principle of quantity). In the same way, the listener then constructs the relevant context and forms a series of relevance hypotheses, and then adapts the contextual elements in a variety of underlying ways of understanding. Then you realize that the speaker is only conceding or pretending to agree, and then there is a transformational point of view.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：H136

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