《朴通事》两种版本实词演变研究

发布时间：2018-12-16 02:03

【摘要】：《朴通事》是朝鲜时代最重要的汉语口语官方教科书之一，在汉语史及对外汉语教学史上有着很重要的地位，为研究近代汉语词汇的演变提供了宝贵的口语材料。本文以汪维辉先生编纂点校的《朝鲜时代汉语教科书丛刊》收录的《朴通事谚解》和《朴通事新释谚解》两个版本为语料，将两个版本中主要实词的演变进行了对比研究。具体方法是以语义场作为研究对象，对其中的同义词、近义词进行个体数量的统计，通过统计不同版本中词语使用次数变化数量，对新旧词语兴衰更替的变化进行描写，并对词语更替的原因作了分析，总结出词语演变的类型，借此总结出我国北方汉语词汇在明清两代的历时变化的一些规律，希望对近代汉语词汇的研究有所帮助。本文按照实词的词性分为动词演变、名词演变、形容词演变三大类，以语义场为研究对象，对其中的同义词、近义词做了比较分析，总结出《朴通事》实词演变的类型：同义词的替换、换位、同义聚合的交替。通过探讨同一聚合中词语更替的原因，我们发现词语更替涉及到汉语词缀发展规律、语言内部系统平衡性、词义负担、表达能效损耗、语体、语用、方言等因素。并得出以下总论：汉语词缀发展呈潮汐式律动。唐宋时期，汉语词缀发展呈现繁荣，即涨潮期，元明清汉语词缀进入萎缩期，即退潮期，到了当代，汉语词缀进入新的涨潮期，因此我们认为汉语词缀的发展呈现出潮汐式发展，在退潮期导致某些词缀的消失或活跃程度降低。词语演变的突出特点是语义场成员间的更替变化，新旧词语呈现此消彼长的态势，，在词语的不断变化中词汇系统达到新的平衡。词义负担影响词语的演变。一个词承担了过多义项势必会影响使用，语言交际要求明确性，这就使词义负担较重的词语被词义负担较轻的词语替换，从而引起了词语演变。词语使用过度过久，会产生表达功能的损耗，从而诱导新词语的出现，引发新旧词语的更替。对外汉语教材的性质促使词语更换。如带南方方言色彩的词语和古奥词语被替换，是由于教材要求使用通语和口语化的词语。此外，本文再次印证了语言与社会的共变关系，社会在政治、经济、社会交流方面对实词更替变化也有影响。
[Abstract]:Park Tong Shi is one of the most important official textbooks of spoken Chinese in the Korean era, which plays an important role in the history of Chinese language and teaching Chinese as a foreign language, and provides valuable oral materials for the study of the evolution of modern Chinese vocabulary. In this paper, the evolution of the main notional words in the two versions of "Pu Tong Si Jie" and "Pu Tong Si New explanation proverbs" collected by Wang Wei-hui 's Chinese textbook Series of Korean Age is compared and studied. The specific method is to take the semantic field as the object of study, to count the number of synonyms and synonyms, and to describe the changes of the rise and fall of new and old words by counting the number of times of words used in different versions. This paper also analyzes the reasons for the change of words, sums up the types of word evolution, sums up some rules of the diachronic changes of Chinese vocabulary in northern China in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and hopes to be helpful to the study of Chinese vocabulary in modern times. This article divides into three categories according to the notional word's part of speech: the verb evolution, the noun evolution, the adjective evolvement, takes the semantic field as the research object, has made the comparative analysis to the synonym and the synonym among them. This paper summarizes the types of the evolvement of the notional words: the substitution of synonyms, and the alternation of synonym aggregation. By discussing the reasons of word turnover in the same aggregation, we find that the change of words is related to the development law of Chinese affix, the balance of language system, the burden of word meaning, the loss of energy efficiency of expression, language style, pragmatics, dialect and so on. And draw the following general theory: the development of Chinese affixes is tidal rhythm. During the Tang and Song dynasties, the development of Chinese affixes became prosperous, that is, the high tide period, the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties Chinese affixes entered the shrinking period, that is, the ebb tide period, and at present, the Chinese affixes entered a new high tide period. Therefore, we think that the development of Chinese affixes shows tidal development, which leads to the disappearance or decrease of activity of some affixes during the ebb tide. The prominent feature of the word evolution is the change of the members of the semantic field, the new and old words show a trend of change one after another, and the lexical system achieves a new balance in the continuous changes of the words. The burden of word meaning affects the evolution of words. If a word bears too many meanings, it will inevitably affect its use, and language communication will require clarity, which makes the words with a heavy meaning burden replaced by words with a lighter meaning burden, thus causing the evolution of words and expressions. If words are used for too long, they will cause the loss of expression function, which will induce the emergence of new words and lead to the replacement of old and new words. The nature of teaching materials for Chinese as a foreign language promotes the change of words. If the words with the color of Southern dialect and ancient words are replaced, because the textbooks require the use of general language and colloquial words. In addition, this paper confirms the covariant relationship between language and society, and the social influence on the change of notional words in politics, economy and social communication.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H134

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