基于信息结构理论的现代汉语空缺句研究

发布时间：2018-01-26 06:28

本文关键词： 现代汉语省略空缺句信息结构对比话题对比焦点　出处：《北京外国语大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：省略是典型的句法语义互动现象,也是语言经济性原则在语法中凸显的典型代表。省略研究中,空缺句始终是不可忽视的一环。自空缺概念首次提出以来,英语、荷兰语等空缺句研究已取得很大进展,学界就其句法语义特征已基本达成共识,其生成过程研究更是愈发完善。相比之下,汉语中是否存在空缺句、其存在范围及成因仍不明确。现有研究存在语料表达不地道,语料合法性判断有欠缺,对空缺句类型不加区分、一概而论,忽略空缺句的音系、句法、语义和语用特点及其互动等诸多问题。据此,本研究重新梳理了目前所掌握文献中的所有空缺句,并对其进行了对比测试和独立样本T检验,结果初步显示:(1)现代汉语空缺句并不是一个绝对存在或绝对不存在的概念,它只有接受程度上的强弱和存在范围的大小。(2)语境可以极大地提高其可接受程度。有鉴于此,本文从信息结构理论出发,阐释了现代汉语空缺句的成因:语境明确的情况下,话题—述题结构和识别结构均可允准现代汉语空缺句形成。话题—述题结构中,只要第一对应和第一残余为对比话题,第二对应和第二残余为对比焦点,且句中其他信息为旧信息,空缺句便可形成。识别结构中,只要第一对应和第一残余为对比焦点,第二对应和第二残余为对比话题,且句中其他信息均为旧信息,空缺句也可形成。数量宾语、频度补语和持续补语中的数量词本身具有强对比性,可加强第二对应和第二残余的对比度,提高空缺句可接受度。祈使语气和指示词能够细化空缺句的论域,增加受话者对语篇外部世界,即真实世界的了解,提高空缺句可接受度。领属结构中的物主代词在缺乏语境的情况下,指代易不明确,因此若空缺句中含有领属结构,则物主代词需为旧信息。空缺句中含有副词或否定词时,方式信息或否定信息需为旧信息,空缺句才合法。现代汉语偏正复句也可容纳空缺结构。受全句焦点类型的影响,因果复句中的释因句对空缺现象容纳度低,纪效句和条件复句对空缺现象容纳度高。条件复句中常出现焦点标记词,可提高空缺句可接受度。最后,本文通过英汉空缺句句法语义特征对比发现,现代汉语中不仅存在空缺句,其存在范围甚至比英语更广。汉语空缺句是句法、语义和语用等因素共同作用的结果。
[Abstract]:Ellipsis is a typical syntactic and semantic interaction phenomenon, and it is also a typical representative of the principle of language economy in grammar. In the study of ellipsis, vacant sentences have always been a link that can not be ignored. Since the concept of vacancy was first put forward. Great progress has been made in the study of vacant sentences such as English and Dutch. Scholars have basically reached a consensus on their syntactic and semantic features, and the research on their generation process is becoming more and more perfect. In contrast, is there a vacant sentence in Chinese? The scope and cause of its existence is still unclear. The existing research exists that the corpus is not authentic, the validity of the corpus is deficient, the types of the vacant sentence are not distinguished, and the phonetic system and syntax of the vacant sentence are ignored in a general way. Based on the semantic and pragmatic characteristics and their interaction, the present study reclassifies all the vacant sentences in the literature, and carries out comparative tests and independent sample T tests. The result shows that the empty sentence in modern Chinese is not a concept of absolute existence or absolute non-existence. Only the degree of acceptance and the scope of existence can greatly improve its acceptability. In view of this, this paper proceeds from the theory of information structure. This paper explains the causes of the vacancy sentence in modern Chinese: in the case of clear context, the structure of topic-question and the structure of identification can permit the formation of vacancy sentence in modern Chinese. As long as the first correspondence and the first residual are the comparative topic, the second correspondence and the second residual are the contrast focus, and the other information in the sentence is the old information, the vacant sentence can be formed. As long as the first correspondence and the first residual are the contrast focus, the second correspondence and the second residual are the comparative topics, and the other information in the sentence is old information, the vacant sentence can also form. The quantifiers in frequency complement and continuous complement have strong contrast, which can strengthen the contrast between the second correspondence and the second residual, and improve the acceptance of the vacant sentence. The imperative mood and the deixis can refine the scope of the empty sentence. To increase the understanding of the external world of the discourse, that is, the real world, and to improve the acceptability of the empty sentence. In the absence of context, it is easy to refer to the subject pronoun in the subordinate structure. Therefore, if the empty sentence contains the subordinate structure, the subjective pronoun should be the old information. When the empty sentence contains adverbs or negative words, the mode information or the negative information should be the old information. The vacancy sentence is legal. The partial complex sentence in modern Chinese can also accommodate the vacancy structure. Under the influence of the focus type of the whole sentence, the explanation factor sentence in the causality complex sentence has low tolerance to the vacancy phenomenon. The combination of sentence and conditional complex sentence has a high degree of tolerance to vacancy phenomenon. In conditional complex sentences, focus markers often appear, which can improve the acceptability of vacant sentences. Finally, this paper finds out that the French meanings of empty sentences in English and Chinese are compared with each other. There are not only vacant sentences in modern Chinese, but also a wider range of them than in English. Chinese vacant sentences are the result of the combination of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H146.3

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